Course : MATH6135-Business

Mathematics
Effective Period: September 2020

Functions and Graphs

Session 2
Thank you
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been adapted from:

Haeussler, Jr. E.F., Paul, R. S., Wood, R. J. (2019).

Introductory Mathematical Analysis for Business,
Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences. 14th.
Ontario: Pearson.

Chapter 2
 Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter, the students should

be able to :
• LO 1: Identify the concept of mathematics in
business decision making
• LO 2: Explain the mathematics analysis concept
properly in business decision making
• LO 3: Apply mathematics concept and critical
thinking to solve economics and business problem
in business decision making
Introductory Mathematical Analysis
For Business, Economics, and The Life and Social Sciences
Fourteenth Canadian Edition

Chapter 2
Functions and Graphs

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Chapter Outline
2.1) Functions
2.2) Special Functions
2.3) Combinations of Functions
2.5) Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates
2.6) Symmetry

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2.1 Functions (1 of 5)
• A function assigns each input number to one output
number.
• The set of all input numbers is the domain of the function.
• The set of all output numbers is the range.

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2.1 Functions (2 of 5)
Example 1 – Determining Equality of Functions
Determine which of the following functions are equal.

( x  2)( x  1)
a. f ( x) 
( x  1)
b. g ( x)  x  2


c. h( x )  x  2 if x  1
0 if x  1

d. k ( x )  x  2 if x  1
3 if x  1

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2.1 Functions (3 of 5)
Example 1 – Continued

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2.1 Functions (4 of 5)
Example 3 – Finding Domain and Function Values
Let g ( x )  3 x 2  x  5. Note that the domain of g is all real numbers.
a. Find g ( z ).
Solution: g ( z )  3 z 2  z  5
b. Find g (r 2 ).
Solution: g (r 2 )  3(r 2 ) 2  r 2  5  3r 4  r 2  5
c. Find g ( x  h).
Solution: g ( x  h)  3( x  h) 2  ( x  h)  5
 3( x 2  2 xh  h 2 )  x  h  5
 3 x 2  6 xh  3h 2  x  h  5

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2.1 Functions (5 of 5)
Example 5 – Demand Function

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2.2 Special Functions (1 of 4)
Example 1 – Constant Function

Let h : (, )  (, ) be given by h( x)  2. The domain of

h is (, ), the set of all real numbers. All function values
are 2. For example, h(10)  2, h( 387)  2, h( x  3)  2.

We call h a constant function. More generally, a function

of the form h( x)  c, where c is a constant, is called a
constant function .

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2.2 Special Functions (2 of 4)
Example 3 – Rational Functions
x2  6x
a. f ( x )  is a rational function, since the numerator and
x5
denominator are each polynomials.
2x  3
b. g ( x )  2 x  3 is a rational function, since 2 x  3  .
1
Example 5 – Absolute-Value Function
The function f ( x)  x is called the absolute-value function.

x   x if x  0
 x if x  0

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2.2 Special Functions (3 of 4)

The symbol r !, with r a positive integer, is read "r factorial".

It represents the product of the first r positive integers:
r !  1  2  3 r
We also define 0!  1.

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2.2 Special Functions (4 of 4)
Example 7 – Genetics
Suppose two black guinea pigs are bred and produce exactly
five offspring. Under certain conditions, it can be shown that
the probability P that exactly r of the offspring will be brown
and the others black is a function of r , P  P (r ), where
r 5 r
1 3
5!   
4 4
P(r )      r  0, 1, 2,  , 5
r !(5  r )!
Find the probability that exactly three guinea pigs will be brown.
Solution: We want to find P (3). We have
3 2
1 3  1  9 
5!    120   
4 4
P (3)        64  16   45 .
3! 2! 6(2) 512
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2.3 Combinations of Functions (1 of 5)
In general, for any functions f , g : X  ( , ), we define the
sum f  g , the difference f  g , the product fg , and the
f
quotient as follows:
g

( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)
( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)
( fg )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)
f f ( x)
( x)  for g ( x)  0
g g ( x)

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2.3 Combinations of Functions (2 of 5)
Example 1 – Combining Functions

If f ( x)  3 x  1 and g ( x)  x 2  3x, find a. ( f  g )( x ),

f
b. ( f  g )( x), c. ( fg )( x), d. ( x), e. ((1/ 2) f )( x)
g
Solution

a. ( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)  (3x  1)  ( x 2  3 x)  x 2  6 x  1

b. ( f  g )( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)  (3x  1)  ( x 2  3x)  1  x 2

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2.3 Combinations of Functions (3 of 5)
Example 1 – Continued
Solution, continued
c. ( fg )( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  (3x  1)( x 2  3x)  3 x 3  8 x 2  3 x
f f ( x) 3x  1
d. ( x)   2
g g ( x) x  3x
e. ((1 / 2) f )( x)  (1 / 2)( f ( x))  (1 / 2)(3 x  1)

• We can also combine two functions by first applying one

function to an input and then applying the other function to
the output of the first.
• This is called composition.
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2.3 Combinations of Functions (4 of 5)

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2.3 Combinations of Functions (5 of 5)
Example 3 – Composition

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Exercise

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates (1 of 3)
• A rectangular coordinate system allows us to specify
and locate points in a plane. It also provides a geometric
way to graph equations in two variables.

An x-intercept of the graph of an

equation in x and y is a point where
the graph intersects the x-axis.

A y -intercept is a point where the

graph intersects the y-axis.

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates (2 of 3)
Example 1 – Intercepts of a Graph

Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of y  2 x  3,

and sketch the graph.
Solution: If y  0,
3
then 0  2 x  3 so that x   .
2
 3 
Thus, the x-intercept is   , 0  .
 2 
If x  0, then
y  2(0)  3  3, so the y -intercept is (0, 3).

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2.5 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates (3 of 3)
Example 3 – Intercepts of a Graph

Determine the intercepts of the graph x  3, and

sketch the graph.
Solution: We can write x  3 as x  3  0 y.
Here y can be any value, but x must be 3.
The x-intercept is (3, 0),
and there is no y -intercept
because x cannot be 0.

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2.6 Symmetry (1 of 5)
A graph is symmetric about the y-axis if and only if ( a, b)
lies on the graph when ( a, b) does.

Example 1 – y-axis Symmetry

Use the preceding definition to show
that the graph of y  x 2 is symmetric
about the y-axis.
Solution: Suppose ( a, b) is any
point on the graph of y  x 2 .
Then b  a 2 . Moreover, consider the point (a, b) : (a) 2  a 2  b.
This shows that ( a, b) is also on the graph.
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2.6 Symmetry (2 of 5)
A graph is symmetric about the x-axis if and only if ( x,  y )
lies on the graph when ( x, y ) does.

A graph is symmetric about the origin if and only if (  x,  y )

lies on the graph when ( x, y ) does.

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2.6 Symmetry (3 of 5)
Example 3 – Graphing with Intercepts and Symmetry
Test y  f ( x)  1  x 4 for symmetry about the x-axis, the y -axis, and
the origin. Then find the intercepts and sketch the graph.
Solution - Symmetry:
x-axis: Replacing y by  y in y  1  x 4 gives  y  1  x 4 , equivalently,
y  1  x 4 which is not equivalent to the given equation. The graph is
not symmetric about the x-axis.
y -axis: Replacing x by  x in y  1  x 4 gives y  1  (  x)4 , equivalently,
y  1  x 4 which is the given equation. The graph is symmetric about the y -axis.
Origin: Replacing x by  x and y by  y in y  1  x 4 gives  y  1  ( x)4 ,
equivalently, y  1  x 4 which is not equivalent to the given equation.
The graph is not symmetric about the origin.

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2.6 Symmetry (4 of 5)
Example 3 – Continued
Solution - Intercepts:
We set y  0 in y  1  x 4 .
Then 1  x 4  0
(1  x 2 )(1  x 2 )  0
(1  x)(1  x)(1  x 2 )  0
x  1 or x  1.

The x-intercepts are therefore (1, 0) and (1, 0).

We set x  0, then y  1, so (0, 1) is the only y-intercept.
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2.6 Symmetry (5 of 5)
A graph is symmetric about the line y  x if and only if (b, a )
lies on the graph when ( a, b) does.

Example 5 – Symmetry about the Line y = x

Use the preceding definition to show that x 2  y 2  1 is symmetric

about the line y  x.

Solution: Interchanging the roles of x and y produces x 2  y 2  1,

which is equivalent to x 2  y 2  1. Thus x 2  y 2  1 is symmetric
about the line y  x.

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 References

Haeussler, Jr. E.F., Paul, R. S., Wood, R. J. (2019).

Introductory Mathematical Analysis for
Business, Economics, and the Life and Social
Sciences. 14th. Ontario: Pearson.