Unit 1

Internet and WWW

By :Prof. Priya Patel

Asst. Prof.
PICA- BCA
Internet
Internet
⚫The Internet is a global network of billions of
computers and other electronic devices. 
⚫With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any
information, communicate with anyone else in the
world,
What is Internet?

⚫ The Internet is a global collection of computer networks that are linked

together by devices called routers and use a common set of protocols for
data transmission known as TCP/IP (transmission control
protocol / Internet protocol).
⚫ The primary purpose of the Internet is to facilitate the sharing of
information.
⚫ A global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.
⚫ The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other
electronic devices. With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any
information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much
more.
⚫ Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information
over the web. However, It can be defined in many ways as follows:
⚫ Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.
⚫ Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
⚫ Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
⚫ IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a
computer location.
⚫ A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP
Address so that user can locate a computer by a name.
⚫ For example, a DNS server will resolve a
name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a particular IP address to uniquely
identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
⚫ Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
Some attributes

⚫ TCP/IP protocols 
⚫
In order for a computer to communicate on the Internet, a set of rules or
protocols computers must follow to exchange messages was developed.
The two most important protocols allowing computers to transmit data on
the Internet are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol
(IP). With these protocols, virtually all computers can communicate with
each other.
⚫ Domain name system 
⚫
An Internet address has four fields with numbers that are separated by
periods or dots. This type of address is known as an IP address. Rather than
have the user remember long strings of numbers, the Domain Name System
(DNS) was developed to translate the numerical addresses into words. For
example, the address fcit.usf.edu is really 131.247.120.10.
⚫URLs 
Addresses for web sites are called URLs (Uniform Resource
Locators). Most of them begin with http (HyperText
Transfer Protocol), followed by a colon and two slashes.
⚫Top-level domain names include:.
⚫.com Commercial
⚫.edu Educational
⚫.gov US Government
⚫.intOrganization
⚫.mil US Military
⚫.net Networking Providers
⚫.org Non-profit Organization
History of internet
⚫ The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several
technological & Infrastructural changes.
⚫ The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research
Project Agency Network (ARPANET).
⚫ ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
⚫ Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the
various bodies of government.
⚫ Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
⚫ In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at
different countries and thus became known as Internet.
⚫ By the time, with invention of new technologies such as TCP/IP protocols,
DNS, WWW, browsers, scripting languages etc., Internet provided a
medium to publish and access information over the web.
⚫ The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science
professor Leonard Kleinrock’s laboratory at University of California to the
standard research Institute.
⚫The Internet acts as a pipeline to transport electronic
messages from one network to another network. At the
heart of most networks is a server, a fast computer
with large amounts of memory and storage space. The
server controls the communication of information
between the devices attached to a network, such as
computers, printers, or other servers.
How internet works?
⚫ It's important to realize that the Internet is a global network of physical
cables, which can include copper telephone wires, TV cables, and fiber
optic cables.
⚫ Even wireless connections like Wi-Fi and 3G/4G rely on these physical
cables to access the Internet.
⚫ When you visit a website, your computer sends a request over these wires
to a server.
⚫ A server is where websites are stored, and it works a lot like your
computer's hard drive.
⚫ Once the request arrives, the server retrieves the website and sends the
correct data back to your computer.
⚫ What's amazing is that this all happens in just a few seconds! 
Specification and establishment details

To connect to the Internet you need the following four things:

⚫ To connect the internet following four things are necessary:

⚫ 
1) Computer

⚫ 2) Modem : Modem is a device that you will need to get your computer &
broadband working together.
.
⚫3) Internet Browser : It is a software that you can view
web pages.

⚫4) An Account with Internet Service Provider (ISP) : It is

an internet company that provides internet service to customer.
Advantage and disadvantage of internet
⚫ The most popular and innovative creation in the world of technology is
the Internet. The internet is the place where all kinds of information is
present and even the communication process is possible using the internet.
The world has now become internet dependent because of its vast
advantages.
⚫ One can surf for any kind of information over the internet. Information
regarding various topics such as Technology, Health & Science, Social
Studies, Geographical Information, Information Technology, Products etc can
be surfed with help of a search engine.
⚫ Internet allows us to use many services like:
⚫ Internet Banking
⚫ Matrimonial Services
⚫ Online Shopping
⚫ Online Ticket Booking
⚫ Online Bill Payment
⚫ Data Sharing
⚫ E-mail
Advantage of Internet
⚫ COMMUNICATION:
⚫ The main advantage of internet is the faster communication than any other devices. It’s an
instant process. Communication in the form of video calls, emails etc. is possible using
internet. Thus, there is no specific region that can be accessed. It is accessible all over the
world. Hence, because of this global issues are reduced since video conferencing is possible
where everyone across the world can be in single place and can solve out a problem.

⚫ INFORMATION:
⚫ The internet is the source of knowledge. All kinds of information is present in it. it is easily
accessed and can be searched more to get more additional knowledge. Information like
educational related, government laws, market sales, stocks and shares, new creations etc. is
gathered from a single place.

⚫ LEARNING:
⚫ The internet has now become a part of education. Education like home schooling is easily
carried out using internet. Teachers can upload their teaching videos in the internet and is
accessed by people across the world which is helpful for all students. The marks are also
released in the internet since, releasing mark for the whole institution in notice boards will
create chaos.
Advantage of Internet
⚫ ENTERTAINMENT:
⚫ The internet is now the most popular form of entertainment. Movies, songs, videos,
games etc. is available in internet for free. Social networking is also possible using
internet. Hence, there is tons of entertainment that is available in online in the
internet.
⚫ SOCIAL NETWORK:
⚫ The social networking is the sharing of information to people across the world.
Apart from being an entertainment website, it has many uses. Any job vacancy,
emergency news, ideas etc. can be shared in the website and the information gets
passed on quickly to wide area. Also the Social Networking websiter  are used to
easy communications. Example: Facebook and twitter.
⚫ E-COMMERCE:
⚫ All business deals can be carried in the internet like transaction of money etc. this
is called E commerce. Online reservations, online ticket booking for movie etc. can
be done easily. It saves us lots of time. Online shopping is now the latest trend in
internet world where products from dresses to household furniture is available at
door step.
Disadvantage
⚫ There are always chances to loose personal information such as name, address,
credit card number. Therefore, one should be very careful while sharing such
information. One should use credit cards only through authenticated sites.
⚫ Another disadvantage is the Spamming. Spamming corresponds to the
unwanted e-mails in bulk. These e-mails serve no purpose and lead to
obstruction of entire system.
⚫ Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to internet. Such virus
attacks may cause your system to crash or your important data may get
deleted.
⚫ There are various websites that do not provide the authenticated information.
This leads to misconception among many people.
Disadvantage of Internet

⚫ INFORMATION LOSS:
⚫ The information crucial to us or any important files can be easily taken by the
hackers. There is no exact proof for the security for the details we store like
account number, passwords etc. hence, sensitive information must be carefully
stored by the people.
⚫ SPAM:
⚫ The unnecessary emails, advertisements etc. sometimes are said to be spam
because they have the ability to slow down the system and makes the users to
face lots of problems. Spam makes the people get more confused since important
emails are also stored along with spam.
⚫ VIRUS ATTACKS:
⚫ The malware or virus threats are so deadly that affects the system to a greater
extend. It immediately deletes all important files and finally the system ends up
being crashed. The virus attack is possible in three ways. One it attacks selected
files. Two, it harms the executable boot files and most dangerous of all is the
macro virus which has the ability to replicate and expand to all parts of files.
Intranets and Extranets
What is intranet?
⚫ Intranet is a restricted version of the internet, that typically does not
allow access to anyone outside of its network.
⚫ An intranet is typically a local only network.
⚫ Intranet is defined as private network of computers within an organization
with its own server and firewall.
⚫ Intranets may be used for organizations or networks that do not want their
information to be able to be accessed by outside sources, and is especially
important for organizations that require a high amount of secrecy - such as a
server that holds military secrets or a database for the CIA. (Central
Intelligence Agency)
⚫ Intranets are basically mini versions of the internet that connect just a few
servers, instead of the countless number of servers that the internet holds and
connects with one another.
⚫ It is mostly used by company, school, government or organization.
Advantages
Communication : Intranet offers easy and cheap communication within an
organization. Employees can communicate using chat, e-mail or blogs.
Cost Effective : Employees can see the data and other documents using
browser rather than printing them and distributing duplicate copies among
the employees, which certainly decreases the cost.
Security : Since information shared on intranet can only be accessed within an
organization, therefore there is almost no chance of being theft.
Immediate Updates : Any changes made to information are reflected
immediately to all the users.
Time Saving : Information on Intranet is shared in real time.
Collaboration : Information is distributed among the employees as according
to requirement and it can be accessed by the authorized users, resulting in
enhanced teamwork.
Disadvantage
What is Extranet?
⚫  An extranet is like an intranet, but also provides controlled access to
authorized customers, vendors, partners, or others outside the company.
⚫ The important thing to bear in mind is that extranets exist to create a path
of communication between your internal staff and external
organizations, whether they be customers, suppliers, or business partners.
⚫ An extranet provides a place for your business and third parties to work
together and share information in a secure environment, which sits outside
of your intranet – meaning that external partners will not have access to
confidential internal matters.
⚫ An Extranet is actually an Intranet that is partially accessible to
authorized outsiders.
⚫ The level of access can be set to different levels for individuals or groups of
outside users. The access can be based on a username and password or an
IP address.
⚫ Extranet is used for specific use cases including B-2-B.
⚫ An extranet is an extended intranet. In addition to allowing access to
members of an organization, an extranet uses firewalls, access profiles, and
privacy protocols to allow access to users from outside the organization.
Advantage of extranet
Disadvantage

Hosting : Where the extranet pages will be held i.e. who will host the extranet
pages. In this context there are two choices:
⚫ Host it on your own server.
⚫ Host it with an Internet Service Provider (ISP) in the same way as web pages.
⚫ But hosting extranet pages on your own server requires high bandwidth internet
connection which is very costly.
Security : Additional firewall security is required if you host extranet pages on
your own server which result in a complex security mechanism and increase
work load.
Accessing Issues : Information can not be accessed without internet
connection. However, information can be accessed in Intranet without
internet connection.
Decreased Interaction : It decreases the face to face interaction in the business
which results in lack of communication among customers, business partners
and suppliers.
More about intranet and extranet
⚫http://www.brighthub.com/computing/ent
erprise-security/articles/63387.aspx
⚫http://www.hcidata.info/inet.htm
⚫https://www.claromentis.com/blog/whats-
the-difference-between-intranets-and-extr
anets/
⚫http://www.differencebetween.info/differ
ence-between-intranet-and-extranet
 INTERNET
APPLICATIONS
⚫Email
⚫Telnet
⚫FTP
Email: Electronic Mail
Email :
⚫ E-mail, also known as electronic mail, is the most widely used and
successful of Internet applications.

⚫ First email message was sent in 1971 by an engineer named Ray

Tomlinson.

⚫ An email is sending text-based messages and letter to any other

internet user. But now a days We can also attach picture, sound,
video or document files with the e-mail.

• It saves times and money.

• It is easy to use and less expensive than the post.
⚫  Email operates across computer networks, which today is primarily the Internet.
⚫ Some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both be online at the
same time, in common with instant messaging.

⚫ Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept,

forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required
to be online simultaneously.

⚫ First the sender types the message or attach the file and sends it to the mail server
or email service provider, the mail server forwards it to the next server through
internet and satellite. Then the message is finally received by a receiver.

Server Authentication :

To access an e-mail server, you will need to provide “authentication” – usually user id (or
username) and passwords. This identifies you to the server and confirms that you have
permission to check e-mail on that account. Although some servers use your e-mail address
itself for the authentication user id
Email Address

⚫ An email address is the address of an electronic postbox that can

receive (and send) email messages on a network.
•Mostly e-mail address have following form
[email protected]

⚫ For example, in the email address "[email protected]", "me" is the

username and "example.com" the domain.

•Username is up to 64 character long with alphabets, number and

symbol combination.

•Domain name up to 256 character long.

•Every user on the internet has a unique e-mail address.

⚫ Email has two main part: (1) Header (2) Body.
⚫ Header contains your email address, recipient's
email address and subject line.
⚫ Body Contains the message where you write the
content of what you want to communicate.
• Email has two main part: (1) Header (2) Body.
Address/User ID
• Header contains Carbon Copy
HEAD
your email address, recipient's email
Blindline.
address and subject Carbon Copy
ER
Title regarding
• Body Contains yourwhere
the message message
you write the content
of what you want to communicate.
Your Message

BOD
Y
CC and BCC
⚫CC stands for Carbon Copy. When you CC people on an
email, the CC list is visible to all other recipients. For
example,
CC [email protected] and [email protected] on an
email, Bob and Jake will both know that the other received
the email, as well.
⚫BCC stands for “blind carbon copy.
⚫ no one but the sender can see the list of BCC recipients. For
example, if you
have [email protected] and [email protected] in the
BCC list, neither Bob nor Jake will know that the other
received the email.
⚫The To and CC fields work similarly. Whether you put
four email addresses in the To field or put one email
address in the To field and three in the CC field, the
four people will all receive the same email. They’ll
also be able to see the email address of every other
recipients in the To and CC fields.
⚫ E-mail is one of the protocols included with the Transport Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols.

⚫ A popular protocol for sending and Receiving the Email

⚫ Sending e-mail is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 

⚫ Receiving it is POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3).
SMTP Protocol:
SMTP is a set of rules defining how mail should be sent out and
forwarded through the internet to its destination address.
POP3 Protocol :

The Post Office Protocol (POP) is an Internet standard protocol used by local

e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP
connection.
Pop server is your local post office, the place where all your incoming email is
routed.

⚫ IMAP Protocol:

⚫ IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) – Is a standard protocol for

accessing e-mail from your local server. IMAP is a client/server protocol in
which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server.
⚫POP3 and IMAP are the protocols that are used to
retrieve mail from the mailbox at the mail server to the
recipient’s computer. Both are message accessing
agents (MAA). 
⚫POP3; the user has to download the email before
checking its content whereas, the user can partially
check the content of mail before downloading it,
using IMAP. 
How Protocol Works:
TELNET protocol
⚫ TELNET (TELecommunication NETwork) is a network protocol used on
the Internet or local area network (LAN) connections and which provide a
bidirectional interactive communications facility. 

For Example, a person has a computer in his office at new Delhi. He visit
Mumbai on a family trip. But when he is free at Mumbai, he can log in his
system Delhi from Mumbai and use all the databases and files and work on
the system.

The user’s computer, which initiate the connection, is referred as the local
computer and the machine which is accepted the connection is referred to
as the remote or host computer
⚫ Some remote machines may require a user to have an account on machine,
and may promote users for a username and password.

⚫ Telnet operates on the client/server principle.

⚫ The local computer uses a telnet client program to establish the

connection and display data on the local computer’s monitor.

⚫ The remote or host computer uses a telnet server program to accept the
connection and send responses to requests for information back to the local
computer.
HOW TELNET WORKS?

•To open a Telnet connection, you need to be at the command

line. On the Start menu, type "cmd" into the Run bar (or the
Search bar in Windows Vista) and click OK or hit Enter. When
the command prompt window opens up, type: telnet [ip_address
or hostname]

•You can connect to a computer using either that computer's IP

address (such as 192.168.1.10) or its name (for example,
JohnsComp). In order to establish the connection, that computer
must be turned on and it must be connected to the network.

•If the destination computer requires a username and password to

log on, you'll have to enter those credentials in order to Telnet in
•If you try to connect to a computer via Telnet and it doesn't
make the connection, there can be several reasons why.
•Check that the remote computer is on and make sure it has
the Telnet service running.

•If you still can't connect, the remote computer's firewall

settings may be blocking the connection; either turn the
firewall off temporarily or allow an exception for port 23 (the
port Telnet uses).  If you turn the firewall off, remember to
turn it back on when you are done.
⚫Install Telnet on Windows
⚫Click Start.
⚫Select Control Panel.
⚫Choose Programs and Features.
⚫Click Turn Windows features on or off.
⚫Select the Telnet Client option.
⚫Click OK. A dialog box appears to confirm
installation. The telnet command should now be
available.
 Team Viewer
Team Viewer is an excellent screen-sharing
and file-transfer app.

Team Viewer is a Web 2.0 program that allows

users to connect to each other’s personal
computers, via internet, and control his/her
screen.

Team Viewer also provides more features such

as video calling and voice transmission.

In addition, this program allows users to

transfer files from one PC to another. 

Besides that, this program allows the user to

display his/her screen to the other user
FTP : File Transfer Protocol

•FTP is a part of TCP/IP protocol suite.

•It is the protocol or set of rules, which enables files to be

transferred between computers.

•FTP is powerful tool which allows files to be transferred from

“computer A” to “Computer B” or vice versa.

•FTP works on client/server principles.

•A client program enables the user to interact with a server to

access information and services on the server computer.
• Files that can be transferred are stored on computer
called FTP servers.

• To access these files, an FTP client program is used.

⚫Transferring files from a client computer to a server

computer is called "uploading" and transferring
from a server to a client is "downloading".
How it works?

• First, you as client make a TCP control connection

to the FTP server's port 21 which will remain open
during the transfer process. In response, the FTP
server opens a second connection that is the data
connection from the server's port 20 to your
computer.
⚫ There are two mode for connection
⚫ 1) Active
⚫ 2) Passive

⚫ The FTP server may support Active or Passive connections, or

both. 

⚫ In an Active FTP connection, the client opens a port and listens

and the server actively connects to it. 

⚫ In a Passive FTP connection, the server opens a port and listens

(passively) and the client connects to it.
⚫Using the standard active mode of FTP, your
computer communicates the port number where it will
stand by to receive information from the controller
and the IP address--internet location--from which or
to which you want files to be transferred
Difference between TELNET & FTP
WWW (World Wide Web)
⚫ The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space
where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource
Locators (URLs) can be accessed via the Internet.

⚫ Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist at CERN, invented the World Wide Web
(WWW) in 1989.
⚫ The web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for
automatic information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes
around the world.

⚫ On 30 April 1993 CERN put the World Wide Web software in the public
domain.

⚫ The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is formatted in HTML
and accessed via HTTP.

⚫ HTTP protocol is the method used to transfer web pages to your computer.
⚫ The World Wide Web (WWW or Web for short) is the part of the Internet
that you can access using a web browser such as Internet Explorer or Firefox,
etc.

⚫ With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images,
videos and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

• The World Wide Web consists of all the public Web sites connected to the
Internet worldwide, including the client devices (such as computers and cell
phones) that access Web content.

• The internet Is the actual network of networks where all information resides.

• Things like Telnet, ftp and email are part of the internet but not part of www.

• HTTP protocol is the method used to transfer web pages to your computer.
The World Web is based on these technologies:
1) HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
2) HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
3) Web servers and Web browsers

⚫ WWW Components :
1) Structural component
-client
-servers
-caches
-Internet
2) Semantic Components
-Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
-Hyper Text Markup Language
3) Extensible Markup Language(XML)
-Uniform Resource Identifiers(URLs)
Web Page :
⚫ A web page, or webpage, is a document that is suitable for the World
Wide Web and web browsers.

⚫ A web page is a unit of information, often called a document that is available

via www.

⚫ A web browser displays a web page on a monitor or mobile device.

⚫ A web page can be longer than one computer screen and can use more than one
piece of paper when it is printed out.
⚫ A Web page is created using HTML. It consist of standardized codes or “tags”,
that are used to define the structure of information on a web page.
⚫ These codes enable web pages to have many feature including bold text,
headings, paragraph breaks and numbered or bulleted lists.
⚫ Web Pages have two types :
(1) Static
(2) Dynamic
Static web page :

⚫ "Static" means unchanged or constant.

⚫ Static Web pages contain the same prebuilt content each time the page is
loaded
⚫ Standard HTML pages are static Web pages.
⚫ Each time an HTML page is loaded, it looks the same. The only way the
content of an HTML page will change is if the Web developer updates and
publishes the file.
⚫ Static website is the basic type of website that is easy to create. You don't
need web programming and database design to create a static website. Its
web pages are coded in HTML.
⚫ The codes are fixed for each page so the information contained in the page
does not change and it looks like a printed page.
Dynamic web pages :
⚫ A dynamic web page is a web page that displays different content each
time it's viewed. For example, the page may change with the time of day.
⚫ It accesses content from a database or Content Management System (CMS).
Therefore, when you alter or update the content of the database, the content
of the website is also altered or updated.
⚫ Dynamic website uses client-side scripting or server-side scripting, or
both to generate dynamic content.
⚫ There are two types of dynamic web pages.

⚫ 1)Client-Side Scripting
⚫
⚫ 2)Server-Side Scripting
Client-side scripting refers to the programs that are executed on client-side.
Client-side scripts contains the instruction for the browser to be executed in
response to certain user’s action.

⚫ It is processed using client side scripting such as JavaScript. And then passed
in to Document Object Model (DOM).

⚫ Client-side content is content that's generated on the user's computer rather

than the server.

⚫ In these cases, the user's web browser would download the web page content
from the server, process the code that's embedded in the web page, and then
display the updated content to the user.
 
server side scripting, the software runs on the server and
processing is completed in the server then plain pages are sent
to the user.
⚫ For example, login pages, forums, submission forms, and
shopping carts, all use server-side scripting since those web
pages change according to what is submitted to it.
⚫ Scripting languages such as PHP, ASP, ASP.NET, JSP,
ColdFusion and Perl allow a web page to respond to
submission events.
For more please visit:
⚫https://www.javatpoint.com/website-static-vs-dynamic
⚫https://www.doteasy.com/web-hosting-articles/what-is-a-d
ynamic-web-page.cfm
⚫http://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-dynam
ic-static-pages-69951.html
⚫https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_technologies/web
_pages.htm
⚫https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/w/webpage.htm
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

⚫ The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is application-level protocol for

collaborative, distributed, hypermedia information systems.

⚫ It is the data communication protocol used to establish communication

between client and server.

⚫ HTTP is TCP/IP based communication protocol, which is used to deliver

the data like image files, query results, HTML files etc on the World Wide
Web (WWW) with the default port is TCP 80. 
The Basic Characteristics of HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol):
⚫ It is the protocol that allows web servers and browsers to exchange data over
the web.
⚫ It is a request response protocol.
⚫ It uses the reliable TCP connections by default on TCP port 80.

⚫ Http is Connectionless means after making a request the client, disconnect

from the server. After that when the response is ready the server re-
established the connection again and deliver the response to the client.
⚫ HTTP is also known as CL-mode communication

⚫ It is stateless means each request is considered as the new request. In

other words.
⚫ Server does not maintain the state of the client. That is, when the response
is delivered, the server simply forgets the client. If the client wants the same
data, it must again establish a new connection, send request and receive
response and the same earlier process is to be repeated. For this
reason, HTTP protocol is treated as stateless protocol.
⚫ if the client would like to request the same server 100
times, the client should establish a new connection 100
times as the server closes the connection for each
request when the response is delivered.
⚫why HTTP was designed as connectionless?
⚫HTTP Protocol was designed as connectionless for the
reason, the server resources should be shared
equally by all the clients throughout world. If one
client holds the server with 100 requests, by all the
requests are answered, the server cannot allocate time
for other clients.
⚫ When user selects a hypertext link, the client program on their computer
uses HTTP to contact the server, identify a resource, and ask the server to
respond with an action.
⚫ The server accepts the request, and then uses HTTP to respond to or to
perform the action.
⚫ Usually, hypertext links will be blue in colour and will be underlined.
When you move the mouse pointer over a hyperlink, the pointer changes its
shape to that of hand.
⚫ http:// in front of the address tells the browser to communicate over HTTP.

http://www.microsoft.com

http://www.ibm.com

http://www.netscape.com

Resources
URL Registration
⚫ URL is the abbreviation of Uniform Resource Locator.
⚫ It is the global address of documents and other resources on the World
Wide Web. For example, www.facebook.com, www.google.com.
⚫ A URL is one type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).
⚫ URL strings consist of three parts 

1) Network Protocol (URL protocol)

2) Host name or address (IP address or Domain Name) www.yahoo.com
3) File or resource location
Syntax : protocol :// host / location
e.g.
1 2 3
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_technologies/
website_url_registration.htm
More about URL
⚫ http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/URL.html
⚫ http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/URL
⚫ https://www.lifewire.com/definition-of-uniform-resource-locator-8177
78
⚫ http://www.wikihow.com/Register-a-Domain-Name
⚫ http://www.smarta.com/advice/web/business-websites/how-to-register-
a-domain-name/
Web Browser
⚫ A web browser is a software application that people use in order to view web
pages on the internet.
⚫ It can be used to upload or download files on FTP servers.
⚫ It uses security methods such as SSL and TLS to secure internet traffic.
⚫ As a client/server model, the browser is the client run on a computer that
contacts the Web server and requests information. The Web server sends the
information back to the Web browser which displays the results on the
computer.
⚫ The most popular web browsers that are used today are Mozilla Firefox,
Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Apple Safari and the Opera
browser.
⚫ For example, if you were to visit www.google.com, you are actually viewing
a file that is displayed using the web browser. This file is drafted using the
hyper text markup language, or HTML for short. 
⚫ The two most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Firefox.
Other major browsers include Google Chrome, Apple Safari and Opera.
Web Server

⚫ A Web server is a computer that is set up with software and networking

capabilities to deliver Web pages on the Internet or an Intranet.

⚫ Web servers use programs such as Apache or IIS(Internet Information

Server) to deliver Web pages over the http protocol.
⚫ Apache is HTTP web server which is a free and open-source cross-platform
 web server,
⚫ The primary function of a web server is to store, process and deliver web
pages to clients.
⚫ The communication between client and server takes place using
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Pages delivered are most
frequently HTML documents, which may include images, style sheets
and scripts in addition to text content.
⚫A single web server may support
multiple websites.

⚫Any computer can be used as a Web server, as long

as it is connected to the Internet and has the
appropriate software installed.
⚫ Any computer can be used as a Web server, as long as it is connected to the
Internet and has the appropriate software installed. 
⚫ Web server is a program that uses HTTP to serve files that create web
pages to users in response to their requests, which are forwarded by
their computers HTTP connection.
For about web server and web browser
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/browser.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-web-browser-definition-examples-
quiz.html
http://www.fastwebhost.in/blog/what-is-web-servers-different-types-of-web-se
rvers/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server
Thank You.