Here is a labeled diagram of a reflex arc:
Sensory neurone → Intermediate (relay) neurone → Motor neurone → Effector muscle
↑ ↑ ↓
| | |
Sense organ Spinal cord Muscle
(receptor) (CNS) (effector)
Arrows indicate direction of nerve impulses
Here is a labeled diagram of a reflex arc:
Sensory neurone → Intermediate (relay) neurone → Motor neurone → Effector muscle
↑ ↑ ↓
| | |
Sense organ Spinal cord Muscle
(receptor) (CNS) (effector)
Arrows indicate direction of nerve impulses
Here is a labeled diagram of a reflex arc:
Sensory neurone → Intermediate (relay) neurone → Motor neurone → Effector muscle
↑ ↑ ↓
| | |
Sense organ Spinal cord Muscle
(receptor) (CNS) (effector)
Arrows indicate direction of nerve impulses
Here is a labeled diagram of a reflex arc:
Sensory neurone → Intermediate (relay) neurone → Motor neurone → Effector muscle
↑ ↑ ↓
| | |
Sense organ Spinal cord Muscle
(receptor) (CNS) (effector)
Arrows indicate direction of nerve impulses
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29/11/2022
The Nervous System
What is the role and organisation of the nervous system?
• All will explain the processes in a reflex arc?
• Most will describe the role and organisation of the nervous
system? • Some will link receptors and stimuli?
STARTER ACTIVITY Write a list of words associated with ‘nervous system’ Key words for your glossary Add definitions during the lesson or at home • Stimulus (plural – stimuli) • Central nervous system • Peripheral nervous system • Receptor • Neuron • Reflex • Synapse • Effector https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i51vgt8GME4 Somatic nerves make up the part of the nervous system we can control. Autonomic nerves make up the part of the nervous system we cannot control.
Sympathetic nervous system: Fight or flight
Parasympathetic nervous system: Rest and digest Why do we need a nervous system? Reflex Actions Stimulus Receptor (change in the cells in back of eye environment) Stimulus Receptor cells (change in the in back of eye environment)
Information from the receptor passes along nerve cells
called neurones to the brain. The brain then coordinates the response. These can be voluntary or involuntary – in reflexes they are involuntary. Stimulus Receptor cells (change in the in back of eye environment)
Reflexes are designed to allow you to respond to a
potentially dangerous situation very quickly. As there is no time to think, the brain does not need to be involved. These actions are still coordinated by the CNS, but by the spinal cord, instead. Testing our receptors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0Zc01e1Frw The reflex arc
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpkhcj6/revision/2 The pathway of a reflex action does not initially go to the brain to increase the speed of reactions
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpkhcj6/revision/2 What’s happening when we detect a stimulus which causes a reflex? Each reflex action takes the follows the pathway: stimulus receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone synapses effector response
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn2RHLWST-k What’s happening when we detect a stimulus which causes a reflex? Each reflex action takes the follows the pathway: stimulus receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone synapses effector response HOMEWORK TASK: Order the reflex arc… a) A chemical crosses the gap (synapse) between a sensory neurone and a relay neurone. b) a motor neurone. c) A muscle responds by contracting, a gland responds by releasing chemical substances. d) A stimulus is a change in the environment of an organism. e) Impulses from a receptor pass along a sensory neurone………….
f) The motor neurone carries an impulse to an effector……………..
g) Then a chemical crosses the synapse between a relay neurone and……………. h) This is detected by a receptor such as the eye. i) to the central nervous system (the co-ordinator). j) which can be a muscle or a gland…………. TASK: Order the reflex arc… a) A chemical crosses the gap (synapse) between a sensory neurone and a relay neurone. b) a motor neurone. c) A muscle responds by contracting, a gland responds by releasing chemical substances. d) A stimulus is a change in the environment of an organism. e) Impulses from a receptor pass along a sensory neurone…………. f) The motor neurone carries an impulse to an effector…………….. g) Then a chemical crosses the synapse between a relay neurone and……………. h) This is detected by a receptor such as the eye. i) to the central nervous system (the co-ordinator). j) which can be a muscle or a gland…………. Check your answers… d) A stimulus is a change in the environment of an organism
h) This is detected by a receptor such as the
eye.
e) Impulses from a receptor pass along a i) to the central nervous system (the co- sensory neurone…………. ordinator).
a) A chemical crosses the gap (synapse)
between a sensory neurone and a relay neurone.
g) Then a chemical crosses the synapse
b) a motor neurone. between a relay neurone and…………….
f) The motor neurone carries an impulse to an
j) which can be a muscle or a gland…………. effector……………..
c) A muscle responds by contracting, a gland
responds by releasing chemical substances. How Impulses Pass from Neurone to Neurone – the Synapse
1. An electrical impulse travels along an axon How Impulses Pass from Neurone to Neurone – the Synapse 2. This triggers the nerve- ending of a neurone to release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters How Impulses Pass from Neurone to Neurone – the Synapse 3. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptor molecules on the next neurone How Impulses Pass from Neurone to Neurone – the Synapse 4. The receptor molecules bind only to specific chemicals released. This stimulates the 2nd neurone to transmit the electrical impulse Synapses Synapses 1. The connection between 2 neurones is called a synapse . 2. The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse (move) across the gap. 3. These chemicals then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone.
Word Bank: electrical, neurones, chemicals,
synapse, connection, diffuse Quick Quiz 1. What are your 5 sense organs? (5 marks) 2. What is a stimulus? (1 mark) 3. What parts of the body does the CNS consist of? (2 marks) 4. What type of stimulus do your eyes detect? (1 mark) 5. What type of stimulus does both your nose and tongue detect? (1 mark) 6. What are receptors? (1 mark) Quick Quiz Answers 1. What are your 5 sense organs? (5 marks) • Eyes • Ears • Nose • Tongue • Skin Quick Quiz Answers 2. What is a stimulus? (1 mark) • A change in your environment which you may need to react to
3. What parts of the body does the CNS consist of?
(2 marks) • Brain • Spinal Cord Quick Quiz Answers 4. What type of stimulus do your eyes detect? (1 mark) • Light
5. What type of stimulus does both your nose
and tongue detect? (1 mark) • Chemical Quick Quiz Answers 6. What are receptors? (1 mark) • Groups of cells which are sensitive to stimulus
Add up how many are
correct (out of 11) Grade Boundaries A*= 10 A=9 B=8 C=7 D=6 E=5 F=4 G=3 U = 0-2 Effectors
Effectors are muscles or glands which carry out a
response. • A muscle responds by contracting. • A gland responds by secreting chemical substances. Effectors Fatty deposits which stop the The end of the neuron is electrical impulse from leaking away. branched so that they can The gaps between allow the impulse communicate with many other to “jump” which means it moves neurons (or effector cells!) along the neuron rapidly. Copy the diagram below of a reflex arc into your book.
Label: • a sensory neurone • a motor neurone • an intermediate (relay) neurone • an axon • a synapse • the spinal cord • a sense organ/receptor • and an effector muscle
