Chapter 9

Matrix Algebra
Today’s Topics
Matrix; basic facts
Types of matrices
Matrix operations
Properties of matrix operations
Introduction
Definition: A matrix is a rectangular array of elements.

When dealing with data, we are mostly concerned in

organizing the data in such a way that: it is
meaningful and can be readily identified.
Easiest way is to summarize the data in a tabular form.
A matrix best suits our needs.
e.g. if you wish to maintain a record of test scores of 5
students appearing in 3 exams. Then, this can be done
with the help of matrix as,
Matrix Notation
In order to identify an entry in a matrix, we simply write a
subscript of the respective entry's row followed by the column.

In matrix A on the left, we write a23 to denote the entry in the

second row and the third column. One way to remember that this
notation puts rows first and columns second is to think of it like
reading a book. You always read sideways first, just as you
always write the rows first. To continue the analogy, when you
are done reading a row in a book, your eyes move downward,
just as the columns after the rows.    A23 indicates the row
number first, 2, then the column number 3.
Matrix Notation

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4

Row 1  a11 a12 a13 a14 

a 
Row 2  21 a22 a 23 a24 
Row 3  a31 a32 a33 a34 
 
 
Row m  amn amn amn amn 
 
Matrix Dimension

 2 3 4  3 8 9
1.)    
 1 1 2.)   2 5

 2   6 7 8 
2 X 3
3 X 3
10 
3.)   4.)  3 4
7
  2 X 1
1 X 2
 Matrix Dimension
Find the dimension?
 3 5   1 2 3
 1   3 0  
1.)  4  2.)
0  3.) 0 1 8
 4   3
  0 
 
0 0 1

 5 
4.)  2  5.)   6.) 3
 
 Types of Matrices

Row Vector:

  [1 x n] matrix
A a1 a 2 ,, an   aj
Column Vector
[m x 1] matrix

a1 
a 2 
A     ai
 
 
am 
Square Matrix
Same number of rows and columns

5 4 7
B  3 6 1 
 
2 1 3 
Identity Matrix
Square matrix with ones on the
diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

1 0 0 0 
0 1 0 0 
I   
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1
 Null/Zero Matrix
The m × n zero matrix, denoted 0, is the m × n
matrix whose elements are all zeros.
0 0 
0 0  0 0 0
 
2×2 1×3
To add matrices, we add the corresponding
elements. They must have the same
dimensions.

 5 0  6 3
A  B 
 4 1 2 3 
 5  6 0  3 1 3
A+B    
 4  2 1 3  6 4 
  2 1 3  0 0 0
2.)     
1 0 1 0 0 0

 2 1 3 
 
1 0 1
When a zero matrix is added to another
matrix of the same dimension, that same
matrix is obtained.
To subtract matrices, we subtract the
corresponding elements. The matrices must
have the same dimensions.
1 2 1 1

3.)  2 0   1 3 

 3 1  2 3 

 11 2  (1)   0 3
 2  1  
0  3    3 3 

 3  2 1  3   5 4 
 Now try these!

 4 1  6 5
1.)     
6 3  7 3 

1 3 2   2 1 5 
2.)     
4 0 5  6 4 3
 Additive Inverse

1 0 2
A 
3 1 5 

 1 0 2 
A   
  3 1 5
 Scalar Multiplication

1 2 3  1k 2k 3k 
  
k  1 2 3  1k 
 2k 3k 
 4 5 6   4k 5k 6k 

We multiply each number inside our

matrix by k.
 Examples

 3 0   9 0 
1.) 3    
 4 5  12 15
1 2 x   5 10 5 x 
  
2.) 5  4 y 1   20 5 y 
 5 
 0 5 x   0 25 5 x 2 
2
Matrix Multiplication
To multiply matrices A and B
look at their dimensions
m n n p
MUST BE SAME

SIZE OF PRODUCT

If the number of columns of A does not

equal the number of rows of B then the
product AB is undefined.
 The multiplication of matrices is easier shown than put into words. You
multiply the rows of the first matrix with the columns of the second adding
products

Find AB
 2 4
3  2 1   
A  B    1 3
0 4  1
 3 1 
3322 2 
211  1 3  5
First we multiply across the first row and down the first column adding
products. We put the answer in the first row, first column of the answer.
Some more examples
Follow-up Exercise
Section 9.2 pg 355
Section 9.3 pg 366
Applications
Eg.1 Pg 352
Eg.6 Pg 357
E.g. 11 Pg 362
E.g. 12 Pg 363
Assignment