Coordinate Geometry
Coordinate Geometry
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Why should
you care
about
Coordinate
Geometry?
Why should you care??
● Digital World: Whenever you open a PDF file or Text file, where the images
and texts are modified with the use of coordinate geometry. Consider a PDF
file with images, words, different shapes, they’re placed in a 2D coordinate
plane of X and Y axes.
● Describing position of an object: Say, a book is placed above 10 m from the
ground, 20 m from the place the observer is sitting. The width of room is 30
m. So, using this information, it’s easy to find the coordinates and distance
from observer and the object, i.e., book.
● Location of Airplanes or other Areal transports: We have all seen the planes
and it is all on Coordinate Geometry that the planes reaches their destination
correctly. The RADAR technology is combined with Coordinate Geometry
to get the correct position and make it reach exact destination.
● Map Projections: All of us use Apple or Google Maps every day to navigate
and commute. We see the graph like lines before loading the maps. So, easily
we can tell Coordinate Geometry is used. We also have 2D and 3D maps, all
accurate. Thanks to Coordinate Geometry.
● Latitude and Longitudes
● Global Positioning System(GPS)
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The Cartesian coordinate system
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Generalization for the distance between two points
The distance between the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is
( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 )2 7
Worked example
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Solution
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Section of a line segment: Section Formula
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Internal divisions
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External divisions
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Mid-point of a line segment
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Finding the mid-point of a line segment
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Generalization for the mid-point of a line
y
(x2, y2)
x1 + x2 is the mean of the
2 x-coordinates.
(x1, y1) x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
2 2 y1 + y2 is the mean of the
2 y-coordinates.
0 x 41
Finding the mid-point of a line segment
Let the coordinates of the points P be (a, b). We can then write
3 + a 4 + b
, = (1, –2)
2 2
Equating the x-coordinates: Equating the y-coordinates:
3 + a 4+b
=1 = 2
2 2
–3 + a = 2 4 + b = –4
a=5 b = –8
The coordinates of the point P are (5, –8)
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
Find the midpoint of the points (2,9) and (4,3).
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Calculating gradient (slope)
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Finding the gradient from two given points
If we are given any two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) on a line we
can calculate the gradient of the line as follows:
change in y y
the gradient = (x2, y2)
change in x
y2 – y1
Draw a right-angled triangle (x1, y1)
between the two points on x2 – x1
the line as follows:
y2 y1
the gradient, m = 0 x
x2 x1 50
Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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The equation of a straight line
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Finding the equation of a line given a point on the line
and the gradient
Suppose we are given the gradient of a line but that the point
given is not the y-intercept. For example:
x2
Finding the equation of a line
Rearranging:
y 5
=2
x2
y – 5 = 2(x – 2)
y – 5 = 2x – 4
y = 2x + 1
So, the equation of the line passing through the point (2, 5)
with a gradient of 2 is y = 2x + 1.
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Now let’s look at this for the general case.
Finding the equation of a line
Suppose a line passes through A(x1, y1) with gradient m.
y Let P(x, y) be any other point on the
P(x, y) line.
A(x1, y1) y y1
y – y1 The gradient of AP =
x – x1 x x1
y y1
0 x So =m
x x1
This can be rearranged to give y – y1 = m(x – x1).
In general:
be equal.
Finding the equation of a line
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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Problem
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Solution
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