Logarithmic Functions

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you must

be able to:
1. represent real-life situations using
logarithmic functions;
2. distinguish logarithmic function,
logarithmic equation, and logarithmic
inequality;
3. solve logarithmic equations and
inequalities;
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you must

be able to:
4. represent a logarithmic function
through its: (a)table of values,
(b)graph, and (c)equation;
5. find the domain and range of a
logarithmic function;

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you must

be able to:
6. determine the intercepts, zeroes,
and asymptotes of logarithmic
functions; and
7. solve problems involving logarithmic
functions, equations, and
inequalities.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS
AND INEQUALITIES
The logarithmic function with base b defined by
f(x) = log b x is the inverse function of the
exponential function with base b whose value
is always positive. That is, y = log b x if and
only if x = by for b>0, b≠1, x>0.
An equation that involves an expression such as
log b x is called a logarithmic equation.
An inequality of the form log b x 0 or log b x 0,
or any variation of these type is called a
logarithmic inequality.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Common and Natural Logarithms

Common logarithms are logarithms with

base 10; log x is a short notation for log 10 x.

Natural logarithms are logarithms to the

base e (approximately 2.71828), and are
denoted by “ln”. In other words, ln x is
another way of writing log e x.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
If M, N, a, b and c are positive numbers, and
a ≠ 1, b ≠ 1, then
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
9. If log a M = log a N, then M = N.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
 

f. log4 1 = 0
g. log7 21 = b
h. ln x = 2
i. cannot be written in
logarithmic form
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GENERAL MATHEMATICS
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Steps in Solving Logarithmic Equations
1. Write all logarithmic equations on one side of the
equation and the constants on the other side.
2. Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite the
logarithmic expression as a single logarithmic
expression.
3. Use the definition of logarithm to rewrite the
expression in exponential form.
4. Simplify the exponential expressions and solve for the
variable.
5. Check your answer by substituting it into the original
equation. Exclude from the solution any logarithm of a
negative number, such value is called extraneous
solution. GENERAL MATHEMATICS
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Example 1: Solve for the value of x in each
logarithmic equation.

Solution:

Checking:

True

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Checking:

No Solution

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Steps in Solving Logarithmic Inequalities
1. Represent the inequality in standard form.
2. Determine the zeros of f(x).
3. Find the domain restriction and the intervals to
consider.
4. Solve for the test value of x.
5. Write the solution of the inequality.
Note:
• If the logarithmic inequality is of the form f(x) > 0 or f(x) 0,
then all of the intervals with the positive sign are solutions.
• If the logarithmic inequality is of the form f(x) < 0 or f(x) 0,
then all of the intervals with the negative sign are solutions.
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
Example 2: Find the solution for x in each
logarithmic inequality.
a. log (2x+5) < log (3x-1)
b. log (x+7) - 1 > log (x-2)

Solution:
 
a. log (2x+5) < log (3x-1)
log (2x+5) - log (3x-1) < 0
log (2x+5) - log (3x-1) = 0
log (2x+5)/(3x-1) = 0  

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
 LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
log (2x+5) < log (3x-1) ----------------x=6
The function f(x) is defined when x > -5/2 and
x > 1/3. Thus, the domain restriction is x > 1/3.
The intervals to consider 1/3 < x < 6 or (1/3, 6)
and x > 6 or (6, ).
1/3 < x < 6 x>6
Test value 1 7
x
f(x) 0.544 -0.022
Sign of f(x) + -
The solution to the inequality is {x|x > 6} or (6, ).
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

b. log (x+7) - 1 > log (x-2)

log (x+7) - log (x-2) – 1 > 0
log (x+7) - log (x-2) – 1 = 0
log (x+7) - log (x-2) = 1
log (x+7)/(x-2) = 1

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
 LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES
log (x+7) - 1 > log (x-2) ----------------x=3
The function f(x) is defined when x > -7 and x > 2.
Thus, the domain restriction is x > 2. The
intervals to consider 2 < x < 3 or (2, 3) and x > 3
or (3, ).
2<x<3 x>3
Test value 2.5 4
x
f(x) 1.279 -0.260
Sign of f(x) + -
The solution to the inequality is {x|2 < x < 3} or (2, 3).
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
LET’S APPLY
Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale
The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by
Solution:where E 12(in joules) is the energy released
a. Since E = 10 , then
by the earthquake and the quantity and
(in joules) is the. Thus,
energy released . by a very small
reference earthquake.
b. This earthquake releases
times more
1. Suppose that anenergy thanreleased
earthquake the reference
approximately
earthquake.
10 12
joules of energy. (a) What is its magnitude on a
Richter Scale? (b) How much more energy does this
earthquake release than the reference earthquake?
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
LET’S APPLY
Sound Intensity
In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a sound is
Solution:
a. where I is the sound . Byintensity in watts/m
definition, 2
.
log 106=6.
Thus, D = 10 (6) = 60 decibels.
2. The decibel level of sound in a quiet office is 10-
6
watts/m 2
. (a)isWhat
b. This sound 10-6 /is10
the -12 corresponding sound
= 106 = 1 000 000
intensity
timesin decibels?
more intense (b)than
Howthe much
leastmore intense
audible
is this sound
sound than the
a human canleast
hear. audible sound a
human can hear?

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
LET’S APPLY
Acidity and the pH Scale
The pH level of a water-based solution is
Solution:
defined as are 0.00001where
Since there moles[H of+]hydrogen
is the ions
concentration of hydrogen
in 1 liter, then ions in moles
the concentration per liter.
of hydrogen
Solutions
ions iswith
10-5 amoles
pH ofper
7 are defined neutral;
liter.
those
The pHwith pHis<–log
level 7 are10acidic,
-5 andlog
. Since those
10-5 with
is thepH >
7 are basic. by which 10 must be raised to
exponent
obtain 10-5 , then log 10-5 = -5.
2. A 1-liter
Thus, pH =solution
-log 10-5contains
= - (-5) =0.00001
5. moles of
hydrogen ions. Find its pH level.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
GRAPH OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Graph of f(x) = a • logb (x-c) + d
•The value of b (b > 0 or 0 < b < 1) determines
whether the graph is increasing or decreasing.
•The value of a determines the stretch or
shrinking of the graph. Further, if a is negative,
there is a reflection of the graph about the x-axis.
•Based on y = a•log b x, the vertical shift is d units
up (if d > 0) or d units down (if d < 0) , and the
horizontal shift is c units to the right (if c> 0) or c
units to the left (if c < 0).

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Domain, Range, Intercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes of
Logarithmic Functions
1. f(x) = log 3 x – 1.
Express in basic exponential form (x=3y). Then,
make a table of values (choose values for y and
solve for the corresponding values of x.)
x
log3 x or y 0 1 2
log3 x – 1 (the new y)
Dom (f) : {x | x > 0}
Rng (f): {y | y ϵ R}
x-intercept : 3
y-intercept: None
Zero/es: 3
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
Domain, Range, Intercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes of
Logarithmic Functions
2. f(x) = log 2 (x – 3).
Express in basic exponential form (x=2y). Then,
make a table of values (choose values for y and
solve for the corresponding values of x.)
x    

log2 x or y 0 1 2
5
(x – 3) the new x   7

Dom (f) : {x | x > 3}

Rng (f): {y | y ϵ R}
x-intercept : 4
y-intercept: None
Zero/es: 4
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
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