The Period of Enlightenment 1872 1898

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The Period Of

E n l i g h te n m e n t
(1872 - 1898)
Historical Background

● The Period of Enlightenment (1872- 1898) Historical


Background:

● After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino


spirit reawakened when 3 priests Gomez, Burgos, Zamora
w e r e guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. This
occurred on the 1 7 t h of February. This was buttressed with
the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines opened its doors
to world trade and with the coming of a liberal leader in the
person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre.
● The Spaniards w e r e unable to suppress the tide of rebellion
among the Filipinos. The once religious spirit transformed
itself into one of nationalism and the Filipinos demanded
changes in the government and in the church.
The Propaganda Movement (1872- 1896

● A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) This


movement was spearheaded mostly by the
intellectual middle class man. The objectives of
this movement we re to seek reforms and changes
like the following:
 1 . To get equal treatment for the Filipino and the
Spaniards under the law.
 2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain.
 3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish
Cortes.
 4. To Filipinize the parishes
 5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech of the press,

assembly and for redress of grievances.


3 Principal Leaders of the Movement

1. DR. JOSE P. RIZAL


 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda was
born on June 1 9 , 1 8 6 1 at Calamba, Laguna.
 His first teacher was his mother Teodora Alonzo. He

studied at the Ateneo de Manila, started medicine at


UST and finished at the Universidad Central.
 He also studied at the University of Berlin, Leipzig

and Heidelberg.
 He died by musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on

December 30, 1896 on charges of sedition and


rebellion against the Spaniards.
 His pen-name was Laong Laan and Dimasalang.
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Books and Writings

1. NOLI ME TANGERE:
 This wa s the novel that g a ve spirit to the propaganda
movement and paved the wa y to the revolution against Spain.
 In this bool, he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-
run government in the Philippines.
2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO:
 This is a sequel to the NOLI.
 While the NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed
those in the government and in the church.
3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell):
 This wa s a poem by Rizal while he wa s incarcerated at Fort
Santiago and is one that can compare favorably with the best
in the world.
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Books and Writings

4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS


(On the Indolence of the Filipinos):
 An essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and an
evaluation of the reasons for such allegations.
5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN ANOS
(The
Philippines within a Century):
 An essay predicting the increasing influence of the U S in
the Philippines and the decreasing interest of Europe here.
6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To the Filipino
Youth):
 A poem Rizal dedicated to the Filipino youth studying at
UST.
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Books and Writings

7. EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES (The Council of


Gods):
 An allegorical play manifesting admiration for
Cervantes.
8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig
River):
 Written by Rizal when he was 1 4 years of age.
9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for
Verses)1882 and A LAS FLORES DE
HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of Heidelberg):
 Two poems manifesting Rizal's unusual depth of
emotion.
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Books and Writings

10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SU CE SOS DE LAS


FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. ANTONIO DE
MORGA (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr.
Antonio de Morga): 1889.
11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN
ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (P. Jacinto:
Memoirs of a Student of Manila)
1882.
12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE
AMERICA
(Diary of a Voyage to North America)
3 Principal Leaders of the Movement

2. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR


 Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly known for his pen name of Plaridel,
Pupdoh, Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat.
 He was born at Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan on August 30, 1850.
Marcelo started schooling at the school of Mr. Flores then transferred
to that of San Jose before UST.
 He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1882.
 To avoid banishment, he was forced to travel to Spain in 1888.
 He was assisted by Fr. Serrano Laktaw in publishing a different

Catechism and Passion Book wherein they made fun of the priests.
 Upon his arrival in Spain, he replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of

LA SOLIDARIDAD.
 He died of tuberculosis in Spain but before he died, he asked his

companions to tell his wife and children that he was sorry he wasn't
able to bid them goodbye; to tell others about the fate of our
countrymen
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
Books and Writings

1. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of


Country):
 Published on August 20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog.
2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful):
A humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose
Rodrguez in the novel NOLI of Rizal.
 Published in Barcelona in 1888.
 Used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here.
3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and
Jokes):
Similar to a catechism but sarcastically done against the
parish priests.
 Published in Barcelona in 1888.
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
Books and Writings:

4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God's Goodness):


 Published in Barcelona.
 It wa s also like a catechism sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but also
contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of God and an appreciation for
and loved for nature.
5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on
the Plea of the Filipinos):
 A poem pleading for change from Spain.
6. DUPLUHAN... DALIT... MGA BUGTONG (A poetical contest in
narratives sequence, psalms, riddles):
 A compilation of poems on the oppression by the priests in the Philippines.
7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignty in the
Philippines):
 This shows the injustices of the friars to the Pilipinos.
8. POR TELEFONO (By Telephone)
9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG TAONG BABASA
(Passion that should arouse the hearts of the readers)
3 Principal Leaders of the Movement

3. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA:


 A most notable hero and genius of the Philippines.
 Born on December 18, 1 8 5 6 and died on January 20, 1896.
 The pride of Jaro, Iloilo.
 He wrote 100 speeches which was published by Remigio Garcia,
former bookstore owner of Manila Filatica and which are still read
up to now by modern Filipinos.
 He left the Philippines in 1 8 8 7 with the help of Don Claudio Lopez,
his rich uncle, in order to escape punishment from his enemies and
arrived at Valencia, the center of the Republican movement of the
Spaniards.
 He moved to Barcelona where he established the first magazine LA
SOLIDARIDAD. This became the official voice of the ASSOCIACION
HISPANO DE FILIPINAS (a Filipino-Spanish Association) composed
of Filipinos and Spaniards who worked for reforms in the Philippines.
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA:

 He sided with Rizal in the controversy between Rizal


and del Pilar over who should head the Association.
 He returned to the Philippines to ask for donations to
continue a new government called EL LATIGO
NACIONAL or PAMBANSANG LATIGO.
 He died in a charity hospital in Barcelona on January
20,1896 eleven months before his best friend Rizal
shot.
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
Books and Writings:

1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod):


 One of his works in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the
Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines.
 He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious
and immoral.
2. LA HIJA DEL FRAIL (The Child of the Friar) and
EVERYTHING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere
how):
 Explains the tragedy of marrying Spaniards.
3. SA MGA PILIPINO....1891....
 A speech which aimed to improve the condition of the

Filipinos to become free and progressive.


GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
Books and Writings:

4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Oration to


Commemorate Columbus):
 A speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39th anniversary of the discovery of
America.
5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA
ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIPINO 1884:
 Here he praised Gen. Morayta for his equal treatment of the
Filipinos.
6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION
HIDALGO 1884:
 A sincere expression of praise for the paintings of Hidalgo on the condition
of the Filipinos under Spaniards.
7. AMOR A ESPANA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love for
Spain or To the Youth of Malolos):
 The theme is about how girls were taught Spanish in schools and whose
teachers were the governors- general of the place.
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
Books and Writings:

8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in the


Philippines)
 Jaena refuted the existence of banditry in the Philippines and of how
there should be laws on robbery and other reforms.
9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines):
 the triumphant exposition of Luna, Resurrection and Pardo de Tavera
of the thesis that intellect or knowledge gives honor to the
Philippines.
10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes
in the Philippines)
11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the
Philippines):
 Jaena refers here to the wrong management of education in the
Philippines 1887.
Propagandists (Life and works)

1. ANTONIO LUNA
 Was a Pharmacist.
 Was banished by the Spaniards to Spain.

 Joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his

writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD.
 His pen name was TAGAILOG.
 Died at the a g e of 33 in June 1899, he was put to

death by the soldiers of Aguinaldo because of his


instant rise to fame which became a threat to
Aguinaldo.
ANTONIO LUNA works:

1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve):


 It pictured true Filipino life.
2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves):
 A dig dance of the Spaniards where the people w e r e very crowded.
3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast):
 Depicts a Filipino custom which he believed was much better than the
Spanish.
4. POR MADRID (For Madrid):
 A denouncement of Spaniards who claim that the Philippines is colony
of Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners when it comes to
collecting taxes for stamps.
5. LA CASA DE HUESPEDES (The Landlady's House):
 Depicts a landlady who looks for boarders not for money but in order
to ge t a husband for her child.
Propagandists (Life and works)

2. MARIANO PONCE
 Became an editor in chief, biographer and researcher
of the Propaganda Movement.
 Used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as pen
names.
MARIANO PONCE works:

1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of


Bulacan):
 Contains legends, and folklores of his native town.
2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The
Beheading of Longinus):
 A play shown at the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan.
3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Filipinos)
4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDIO-TSINA (The
Filipinos in Indo-China)
Propagandists (Life and works)

3. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN


 Hid his identity behind his pen name JOMAPA.
 Also known for having a photographic mind.
 member of a number of movements for the country
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN works:

1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land)


2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)
3. S U PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan)
4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking)
Propagandists (Life and works)

4. PEDRO PATERNO
 Was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of
the Propaganda Movement.
 Also joined the Confraternity of Masons and the
Association Hispano- Pilipino in order to further the
aims of the Movement.
 Was the first Filipino writer who escaped censorship
of the press during the last day of the Spanish
Colonization.
PEDRO PATERNO works:

1. NINAY:
 The first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino.
2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother):
 Shows the importance of a mother especially in the

home.
3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS
(Sampaguita and Varied Poems):
 A collection of his poems.

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