ROAD

CONSTRUCTION
METHODS

WITH DPWH STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS

OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

1. ROAD DEFINITION 4. PREPARATORY WORKS

2. ROAD CLASSIFICATION 5. CONSTRUCTION METHODS

3. ROAD COMPONENTS 6. Q & A

ROAD DEFINITION
 A thoroughfare, route or way on land between two places that has been
paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of
conveyance.
 It is a structure that link barangays and cities in the country.
 It serves as medium in transporting goods and commodities from one
place to another, and as communication link which brings economic
development to a nation.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO…
 Usage
 National Importance
 Traffic Volume
 Surface Course
ROAD CLASSIFICATION – USAGE
NATIONAL PRIMARY ROAD
 Directly connects major cities, provinces and regions.
NATIONAL SECONDARY ROAD
 Directly connects cities to national primary roads.
 Directly connects major ports, ferry terminals and major airports to national
primary roads or other national secondary roads.
NATIONAL TERTIARY ROAD
 Other existing roads under DPWH which perform a local function.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION – USAGE
PROVINCIAL ROAD
 Connects cities and municipalities within a province.
 Connects major provincial government infrastructure.
MUNICIPAL OR CITY ROAD
 Roads within the Poblacion
 Provides inter-Barangay connections to major municipality/city infrastructure.
BARANGAY ROAD
 A street located outside the poblacion area of a municipality or urban area of a
city.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION – NATIONAL IMPORTANCE
MAJOR ROAD
 Frequently used by traffic.
 Classified as National Roads or those which are part of the highway system.
MINOR ROAD
 Less frequently used by traffic.
 Roads which are local in nature.
 Serves only the interest of the locality such as a street.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION – TRAFFIC VOLUME
 HEAVY TRAFFIC
 MEDIUM TRAFFIC
 LIGHT TRAFFIC
ROAD CLASSIFICATION – SURFACE COURSE
EARTH
 Simplest form of road.
 Constructed by shaping and smoothing the natural soil traversed by the road
line.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION – SURFACE COURSE
GRAVEL
 Constructed from natural gravel with a sufficient amount of good quality
soil which serves as binder.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION – SURFACE COURSE
ASPHALT
 Flexible pavement.
 Composed of bituminous materials, aggregates, mineral filler and hydrated
lime.
ROAD CLASSIFICATION – SURFACE COURSE
CONCRETE
 Rigid pavement.
 Composed of cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water.
ROAD COMPONENTS
 Subgrade
 Subbase course
 Base course
 Surface course
 Drainage structures
 Slope protection structures
 Miscellaneous works
ROAD COMPONENTS
SUBGRADE
 The upper layer of natural soil which may be the undisturbed local
materials, or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.
 In either case, it is compacted during construction for road stability.
ROAD COMPONENTS
SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE
 Individual stabilizing layers of selected material and designed thickness
placed on top of the subgrade to distribute the load transmitted from the
surface course.
ROAD COMPONENTS
SURFACE COURSE
 The uppermost structural component of the roadway which provides resistance to
wear and shearing stress due to traffic load.
 Provides an even skid resistance surface with comfortable durability and is
appropriately crowned to prevent rain water from penetrating into the subgrade.
*SHOULDER - Located beside the carriageway which is the total width available for
passing vehicles, and is used to receive lateral clearance to protect major structures
on the roadside, to secure safety and comfort of both motorists and pedestrians and for
emergency stopping purposes.
ROAD COMPONENTS
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
 Located beneath or alongside the roadway used in collecting, transporting
and disposing of surface water originating in or near the road right-of-way.
ROAD COMPONENTS
SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES
 Constructed along the side of the roadway to stabilize the slopes either
above or below the elevation of the roadway.
ROAD COMPONENTS
MISCELLANEOUS WORKS
 Other works that improve the usability and safety of a particular roadway
for both motorists and pedestrians.
PREPARATORY WORKS
ACCESS AND DETOUR ROADS
ACCESS ROADS
 A road by which a job is connected to the highway system and is generally
used in connection with borrow pits.
 Built for each isolated piece of job it services.
PREPARATORY WORKS
ACCESS AND DETOUR ROADS
DETOUR ROADS
 Diverts traffic from any existing roadway whenever the construction
operations block the flow of traffic.
 They are to be maintained, so that they will have sufficient durability to
remain in good condition and carry the required traffic at any weather
condition for the entire duration that the detour is required.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
PART I – EARTHWORKS
PART II – SUBBASE AND BASE COURSES
PART III – SURFACE COURSES
PART IV – DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES
PART V – MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
PART I – EARTHWORKS
 Clearing and Grubbing
 Removal of Structures and Obstructions
 Excavation
 Structure Excavation
 Embankment
 Subgrade Preparation
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
CLEARING AND GRUBBING
 It is the removal and disposal of all surface objects including vegetation,
grass, stumps, trees and other protruding obstructions not designated to
remain along the roadway prior to commencing of any earth-moving
activity.

TYPES
 Individual Removal of Trees
 Disposal of Debris
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
CLEARING AND GRUBBING
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Dump Truck (10 cum.)
 Payloader (1.5 cum.)
 Bulldozer
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
CLEARING AND GRUBBING
1. Right-of-way limits must be provided with stakes, as reference in determining the
vertical/horizontal control.
2. Trees that are selected for preservation must be protected, while trees that are
needed to be cut/ball shall be identified.
3. After establishment of construction limits, scarify up to a depth of 150mm.
4. Haul the excavated materials to a designated approved disposal area or stockpile.
5. Clearing shall extend one meter beyond the toe of the fill slopes or beyond
rounding of cut slopes for the entire length of the project.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS
 Consist of the taking away, wholly or in part, and the satisfactory disposal
of all structures within the construction site and right-of-way which are not
designated to remain. It shall also include the salvaging of materials and
backfilling.

TYPES
 Existing Pavements  Electrical Post and Lines
 Existing Drainage Structures  Cable and Telephone Lines
 Underground Waterline  Residential Houses & Buildings
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Backhoe w/ Breaker (0.80 cum.)
 Dump Truck (10 cum.)
 Minor Tools
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS
1. Simultaneously with the clearing and grubbing works, removal of obstructions,
both overhead and underground utilities in particular waterlines and telephone
lines, shall be undertaken.
2. There will be no separate payment for excavating for the removal of structures
and obstructions, or for backfilling and compacting the remaining cavity.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
EXCAVATION
 Consists of all the excavation for grading and draining the roadway. It also
includes loading, hauling and placing the excavated materials from roadway
cuts to construct embankments or its disposal to a designated location.

TYPES

 Unsuitable Excavation  Surplus Rock Excavation

 Surplus Common Excavation  Surplus Unclassified Excavation
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
EXCAVATION
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Bulldozer
 Payloader (1.50 cum.)
 Dump Truck (10 cum.)
 Backhoe (0.80 cum.)
 Pneumatic Drilling Machine
 Blasting Equipment and Accessories
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
EXCAVATION
1. Conduct survey works on the existing ground to compare the data as reflected in
the approved plans.
2. Excavate the roadway to the required elevation per approved plans.
3. If unsuitable materials are encountered, excavate the roadway up to the stable soil.
4. If surplus materials are encountered, haul the said materials to the designated
approved disposal area.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
STRUCTURE EXCAVATION
 Consists of the necessary excavation, removal and satisfactory disposal of
all materials within the stipulated limits.

TYPES
 Structure Excavation  Shoring, Cribbing and Related
 Bridge Excavation Works
 Foundation Fill
 Pipe Culverts and Drain Excavation
 Excavation ordered below Plan
Elevation
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
STRUCTURE EXCAVATION
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Dump Truck (10 cum.)
 Backhoe (0.80 cum.)
 Minor Tools
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
STRUCTURE EXCAVATION
1. Prior to structure excavation, all necessary clearing and grubbing shall have been
performed.
2. Trenches shall be excavated to the lines and grades or elevations shown on the
Plans.
3. For Pipe Culverts: The width of the excavation shall be at least 300 mm greater
than the horizontal outside diameter of the pipe.
4. The foundation surface shall provide a firm foundation of uniform density
throughout the length of the culvert.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
EMBANKMENT
 The work or volume of earthen material necessary in the formation of
embankment roadway thru the use of suitable materials which may be
sourced along the road traverse or borrow from an outside source. These
materials are brought and compacted together to a specified degree to form
a stable embankment to bring the road to a desired grade or to elevate it
above flood level.
TYPES

 From Excavation  From Borrow

CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
EMBANKMENT
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Motorized Road Grader (140 hp)
 Vibratory Roller (10 mt)
 Water Truck (16000 L)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
EMBANKMENT
1. Check sub grade if already completed in accordance with the plans and
specifications for clearing and grubbing and sub grade preparation prior to
spreading of embankment materials.
2. Spread the material in a relatively thin layer of 200 mm (loose measurement) with
appropriate crown/cross slope to ensure proper draining of surface water when it
rains.
3. Materials shall be rolled/compacted with a minimum weight of 10 tons.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
EMBANKMENT
4. Compaction operation shall progress gradually from the sides to the center,
parallel to the center of the road and shall continue until the whole surface has
been rolled up to the number of passes required based on the trial section result
where a minimum density of 95% is attained. During the progress of rolling, a
minimum overlapped width of 300 mm. shall be observed for each succeeding
parallel passes to ensure level compacted surface.
5. Conduct one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 sq.m. or fraction
thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to meet the minimum 95% density,
additional rolling shall be undertaken until such time that the required compaction
is obtained.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
SUBGRADE PREPARATION
 The portion of the earth roadbed which after having been constructed to
reasonably close conformance with the lines, grades and cross-sections
indicated on the plans, receives and supports the sub base or base course
materials.

TYPES
 In a fill section, the sub grade is the top of the embankment or the fill.
 In a cut section, the sub grade is the bottom of the cut.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
SUBGRADE PREPARATION
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Motorized Road Grader (140 hp)
 Vibratory Roller (10 mt)
 Water Truck (16000 L)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS - EARTHWORKS
SUBGRADE PREPARATION
1. Prior to commencing preparation of the subgrade, all culverts, cross drains, ducts and
the like (including their fully compacted backfill), ditches, drains and drainage outlets
shall be completed.
2. Compaction shall be done by rolling using vibratory road roller or tandem steel roller.
3. Conduct one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 sq.m. or fraction thereof
of compacted layer. If it fails to meet the minimum 95% density, additional rolling
shall be undertaken until such time that the required compaction is obtained.
4. The succeeding structural layers should proceed immediately after preparation of
the subgrade.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
PART II – SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE
 Aggregate Subbase Course
 Aggregate Base Course
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
 Refers to the structural sub-layer material of a roadway placed directly on
top of the sub-grade.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Motorized Road Grader (140 hp)
 Vibratory Roller (10 mt)
 Water Truck (16000 L)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
1. Check the subgrade if it is already completed in accordance with the plans and
specifications before proceeding with the laying of subbase course materials.
2. Provide blue-tops at every 20 meters interval (marked staked) for vertical control
reference, to be placed along the side of the roadway.
3. Laying and spreading of aggregate sub base materials shall be done using road
grader on a prepared subgrade in a quantity which will provide the required
compacted thickness.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
4. Appropriate crown/cross slope should be maintained during laying/spreading
operation to ensure proper draining.
5. Compaction should be done using a vibratory road roller or tandem roller with a
minimum weight of 10 tons. A maximum compacted thickness for any layer shall
not exceed 150 mm.
6. No laying, spreading, rolling and compaction operations shall be done when it is
raining or when the laid subbase course is fully saturated with rain.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
7. Rolling/compaction shall progress gradually from the sides to the center, parallel
to the center of the road and shall continue until the whole surface has been rolled
up to the number of passes required based on the trial section result where 100%
compaction is attained. Progress rolling should provide 300 mm. overlap of the
width of the wheel for each succeeding parallel passes to ensure level compacted
surface.
8. Allowable tolerance for thickness of layer is plus or minus 20mm.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
9. Conduct one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 sq.m. or fraction
thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to meet the minimum 100% density,
additional rolling shall be undertaken until such time that the required compaction
is obtained.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
 In flexible pavement, it is the load-carrying portion and provides the
structural capacity to bituminous concrete slabs by carrying the load and
distributing it to the soil under the layers of asphalt concrete.
 The life and riding qualities of asphalt concrete surface depends directly on
the care exercised in the construction of aggregate base course.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Motorized Road Grader (140 hp)
 Vibratory Roller (10 mt)
 Water Truck (16000 L)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
1. Check the preparation of the existing surface if it is already completed in
accordance with the plans and specifications before proceeding with the laying of
base course materials.
2. Laying and spreading of aggregate sub base materials shall be done using road
grader on a prepared subgrade/subbase in a quantity which will provide the
required compacted thickness.
3. Appropriate crown/cross slope should be maintained during laying/spreading
operation to ensure proper draining.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
4. Compaction should be done using a vibratory road roller or tandem roller with a
minimum weight of 10 tons. A maximum compacted thickness for any layer shall
not exceed 150 mm.
5. Rolling/compaction shall progress gradually from the sides to the center, parallel
to the center of the road and shall continue until the whole surface has been rolled
up to the number of passes required based on the trial section result where 100%
compaction is attained. Progress rolling should provide 300 mm. overlap of the
width of the wheel for each succeeding parallel passes to ensure level compacted
surface.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SUBBASE & BASE
COURSE
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
6. No laying, spreading, rolling and compaction operations shall be done when it is
raining or when the laid subbase course is fully saturated with rain.
7. Conduct one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 sq.m. or fraction
thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to meet the minimum 100% density,
additional rolling shall be undertaken until such time that the required compaction
is obtained.
8. Allowable tolerance for thickness of layer is plus or minus 10mm.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
PART III – SURFACE COURSE
 Bituminous Prime Coat
 Bituminous Tack Coat
 Bituminous Concrete Surface Course
 Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
Design Mix/ Job Mix and Trial Paving
CONCRETE:
DESIGN MIX
STAR MATERIAL TRIAL PAVEMENT
PASSED? TRIAL MIX
T TEST SECTION TESTING
ASPHALT:
JOB-MIX
ACQUIRE NEW
MATERIALS PASSED?

 At least 30 days before the start of paving operations, the APPROVAL

contractor shall construct a test section using the trial mix design. START PAVING
 The trial section shall be located either on an outside area or on
actual construction lane site.
END

 Once a design mix is approved, the contractor shall not modify

proportions of the various materials without the prior approval of
the engineer.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT
 Refers to the thin bituminous material applied on a porous base laying a
surface course to stabilize the base material by plugging its capillary voids.
TYPES
 Rapid Curing (RC) Cut-back Asphalt
 Medium Curing (MC) Cut-back Asphalt
APPLICATION TEMPERATURE
 32°C (min.) to 68°C (max.)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Asphalt Distributor, 10 ft wide (5 ton)
 Power Broom (2 m wide)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT
1. Check the base if it is already completed in accordance with the plans and
specifications before proceeding with the application of prime coat.
2. Apply the prime coat using asphalt distributor at a rate of 1 to 2 liters per square
meter.
3. Prime coat shall be left undisturbed for a period of at least 24 hours.
4. Extend the prime coat at least 30 cm. beyond the edge of each side.
5. Observe the time of penetration after application. If base absorbs all prime coat
within 1 to 3 hours, reapply prime coat.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS TACK COAT
 As the name implies, provides a “tacky” surface applied on an existing road
pavement before the application of the hot mix asphalt course.
TYPES
 Rapid Curing (RC) Cut-back Asphalt
 Emulsified Asphalt
APPLICATION TEMPERATURE
 10°C (min.) to 71°C (max.)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS TACK COAT
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Asphalt Distributor, 10 ft wide (5 ton)
 Power Broom (2 m wide)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS TACK COAT
1. Prior to the application of the bituminous tack coat, The Project Engineer should
designate the beginning and ending points of the area to be covered.
2. The surface shall be slightly sprayed/sprinkled with water but not saturated.
3. Apply the tack coat using asphalt distributor at a rate of 0.2 to 0.7 liters per square
meter.
4. Tack coat shall be left undisturbed for a few hours until “tacky”.
5. Traffic shall be kept off the tack coat at all times.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE
 Refers to the mixture of bituminous material (5% to 8%) and compacted
mass of mineral aggregates (92% to 95%).
 The exact percentage to be used is established by the Job Mix Formula.

APPLICATION TEMPERATURE
 135°C (min.) to 148.89°C (max.)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 Asphalt Paver (80 hp)
 Pneumatic Tire Roller (10 mt)
 Tandem Steel Roller (10 mt)
 Water Truck (16000 L)
 Minor Tools
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE
1. 3 weeks prior to production, the contractor shall submit in writing a job-mix
formula.
2. Before placing the bituminous mixture, the existing surface shall be cleaned of
loose deleterious materials.
3. The mixture shall be spread and distributed to the grade and elevation in
accordance with the approved plans by means of an Asphalt Paver over the entire
width or partial width as may be practicable.
4. The longitudinal joint in one (1) layer shall be offset that in the layer immediately
below approximately 15 cm.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE
5. The joint in the top layer shall be at the center line of the pavement if the roadway
comprises of two (2) lanes.
6. Mechanical spreading shall be used on areas with irregularities or unavoidable
obstacles.
7. The mixture shall be placed at a temperature not less than 107°C.
8. Rolling/compaction shall progress gradually from the sides to the center, parallel
to the center of the road and shall continue until the roller marks are eliminated
and a minimum of 97 mass percent of the density has been obtained. Progress
rolling should provide overlap equal to ½ the roller width.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE
9. For paving in abutting a previously placed lane, the longitudinal joint shall be
rolled first followed by the regular rolling procedure.
10. For super-elevated curves, the rolling shall begin at the low side and progresses to
the high side overlapping of longitudinal trips parallel to the center line.
11. Rollers shall move at a slow but uniform speed with the drive roll or wheels
nearest the paver.
12. Rolling shall be continued until roller marks are eliminated.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE
13. Transverse joints shall be formed by cutting back on the previous run to expose its
full depth.
14. Brush coat of bituminous material shall be used on contact surfaces of transverse
joints before additional mixture is placed against the previously rolled material.
15. Each sample of at least 150mm x 150mm or 100 mm diameter full depth shall be
neatly cut by saw or core drill.
16. At least one (1), but not more than 3 samples shall be taken for each full day’s
operation.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE
17. No acceptance and final payment shall be made on completed asphalt pavement
unless core test for thickness determination is conducted.
18. The compacted pavement shall have a thickness tolerance of
-5mm. Thickness in excess of the specified thickness shall not be considered in the
payment.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
 Constructed by casting in place, on a prepared foundation, a concrete slab
with the top finished to provide a smooth and durable wearing surface for
traffic.
 It is a mixture composed of Portland Cement, Fine Aggregates, Coarse
Aggregates and Water. Specific quantities of each component are
determined in the Design Mix.

APPLICATION TEMPERATURE
 32°C (max.)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS (Conventional Method)
 Transit Mixer (5 cum.)  Water Truck (16000 L)
 Concrete Vibrator  Concrete Saw (7.5 hp)
 Batching Plant (30 cum.)  Bar Cutter, Single Phase
 Payloader (1.50 cum.)  Minor Tools
 Concrete Screeder (5.5 hp)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS (Using Concrete Paver)
 Batching Plant (30 cum.)  Concrete Saw (7.5 hp)
 Concrete Paver, Four-Track  Concrete Vibrator
 Transit Mixer (5 cum.)  Bar Cutter, Single Phase
 Payloader (1.50 cum.)
 Water Truck (16000 L)
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
1. Before commencement of concreting operations, check the adequacy of the
following:
a. Condition of subbase or base course
b. Working condition of major equipment
c. Number of hand tools and finishing tools
d. Provision for curing
e. Number of crews to place, finish and cure the concrete
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
2. Check the setting of forms based on the base support, form setting and grade and
alignment.
3. During hot weather, steps shall be taken to prevent the temperature of mixed
concrete from exceeding the max. temperature of 32°C.
4. Concrete not in place within ninety (90) minutes from the time the ingredients
were charged into the mixing drum or that has developed initial set shall not be
used.
5. Concrete shall be deposited in such manner to require minimal rehandling.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
6. Concrete shall be unloaded into an approved spreading device and mechanically
spread on the grade in such manner as to prevent segregation.
7. Workmen shall not be allowed to walk in the freshly mixed concrete with boots or
shoes coated with earth or foreign substances.
8. Concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated against and along the faces of all forms and
along the full length and on both sides of all joint assemblies by means of vibrators.
9. Vibrators shall not be permitted to come in contact with a joint assembly, the grade, or
a side form. In no case shall the vibrator be operated longer than 15 seconds in any
one location.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
10. Placing of concrete should be continuous. A construction joint shall be required
when there is an interruption of more than 30 minutes in the concreting operations.
11. Concrete finishing shall be done using a longitudinal float after the concrete has
been consolidated.
12. Brooming of concrete shall be in a uniform appearance and corrugations at a depth
of 1.5mm.
13. At least one (1) set consisting of three (3) concrete beam test specimens, 150 x
150 x 525mm shall be taken from each 330 sqm. Of pavement, 230mm depth, or
fraction thereof placed each day.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
14. Curing of concrete shall be done in accordance with either one of the following
methods.
a. Cotton or Burlap Mats
b. Waterproof Paper or Polyethylene Sheets
c. Earth or Straw Curing
d. Curing Compound
15. Forms of concrete shall remain in place undisturbed for not less than twenty four
(24) hours after concrete pouring. Crowbars should be used in pulling out nails
and pins.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT
16. Cutting of contraction joints/weakened plane joints shall be done within 24 hours
after concrete pouring.
17. Joints shall be cleaned of all foreign materials and then sealed with asphalt sealant
soon after completion of the curing period and before the pavement is opened to
traffic.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT (JOINTS)
1. Longitudinal Joint
a. 1 lane construction
b. With keyway
c. Use tie bars
2. Expansion Joint
a. Prevents buckling
b. Requires expansion Joint Filler
c. Use dowel bars
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT (JOINTS)
3. Contraction Joint / Weakened Plane Joint
a. Relieve tensile stresses
b. Prevents random cracking
c. No reinforcement required
4. Construction Joint / Cold Joint
a. Interruption of 30 mins. on concreting operation
b. Placed within the middle third of the concrete block
c. Use tie bars
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT (JOINTS)
Size, Length and Spacing of Dowel/Tie Bars
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED PCCP SLABS
1. The engineer and the contractor shall conduct a joint survey to confirm current
conditions and identify the PCCP slabs to be replaced.
2. The contractor shall remove broken/deteriorated PCCP slabs in accordance with
the Plans, Specifications or as directed by the engineer.
3. The subgrade and subbase course are prepared in accordance with the
specifications or as directed by the engineer.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
REPLACEMENT OF DETERIORATED PCCP SLABS
4. Existing tie bars on longitudinal joints are to be retained if these are still in good
condition. Where necessary, new tie bars shall be installed on drilled holes and
bonded with high viscosity epoxy resin.
5. Install forms while the side surfaces of the existing PCCP shall be free from loose
concrete.
6. Pour concrete; perform the required surface texturing, cutting and curing.
7. Thoroughly clean the joints and apply sealants adequately.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – SURFACE COURSE
WIDENING OF PCCP PAVEMENT

Widening of PCCP pavement shall be constructed in accordance to Item 311 – PCCP.

However, additional tie bars shall be drilled in the adjacent existing pavement prior to
concreting.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
PART V – MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
 Curb and Gutter
 Sidewalk
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – MISCELLANEOUS
STRUCTURES
CURB AND GUTTER
 Serve to channel storm water to inlets, catch basins, storm sewers and
ditches and prevent surface water from running off the edges of the
pavement between outlets or accumulate on the road for the proper drainage
of the roadway.
TYPES
 Cast-in-Place
 Pre-cast
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – MISCELLANEOUS
STRUCTURES
CURB AND GUTTER
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 One Bagger Mixer
 Concrete Vibrator
 Water Truck (16000 L)
 Minor Tools
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – MISCELLANEOUS
STRUCTURES
CURB AND GUTTER
1. Excavation shall be made to the required depth and the base upon which the curb
and/or gutter is to be set shall be compacted to a firm and even surface. All soft
and unsuitable material shall be removed and replaced with suitable material.
2. For cast-in-place, forms for at least 50m of curb and gutter shall be in place and
checked for alignment and grade before placing of concrete.
3. Forms shall be removed within 24 hours after the concrete has been placed.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – MISCELLANEOUS
STRUCTURES
CURB AND GUTTER
4. For precast, the precast concrete curb and gutter shall be set in 20mm of cement
mortar (1:2) to the line level and grade as shown on the approved plans.
5. The precast curb and gutter shall be 1.0m in length and shall be put side by side
consecutively with joint in between.
6. Joints in between shall be filled with cement mortar to the full section of the curb
and gutter.
7. Minor defects for both cast-in-place and precast shall be repaired with mortar.
Plastering shall not be permitted.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – MISCELLANEOUS
STRUCTURES
SIDEWALK
 A usually concrete path along the side of a road for pedestrians to walk on.

TYPES
 Asphalt
 Concrete
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – MISCELLANEOUS
STRUCTURES
SIDEWALK
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
 One Bagger Mixer
 Concrete Vibrator
 Water Truck (16000 L)
 Concrete Saw (7.5 hp)
 Minor Tools
CONSTRUCTION METHODS – MISCELLANEOUS
STRUCTURES
SIDEWALK
1. Excavation shall be made to the required depth and width required that will
permit the installation and bracing of forms.
2. For asphalt sidewalk, the prepared bed course shall be applied with prime coat
prior to application of the asphalt mixture and then compacted by rolling with a
hand operated roller.
3. For concrete sidewalk, all forms shall be staked securely in position at the correct
line and level prior to concreting. The surface shall be cut through to a depth of
10mm with a trowel at intervals of 1m.
THANK YOU!!!