LESSON 3.

2
FORCES
FORCES
• How would you determine the force
acting on the body?
▫ By its magnitude and effect.
 If the motion is fast – the force is great
 If the motion is slow – the force is
minimal

▫ Effects of Forces on the Body:

1. Motion
2. Changes in color, size, shape
(destruction)
 Forces
• How many forces are acting on
you (even if you are at rest)?

▫ Four Forces:
1. Gravity – measure of your
weight
2. Force exerted by the chair on
you
3. Floor exerting a force on you
4. Atmospheric pressure – force
exerted by air is applied in the
surface of our body area
Illustration: Atmospheric pressure
2 cm
5 dynes 5 dynes If a force of 40 dynes is applied
to the surface, what force is
405 dynes
5 dynes being exerted in every square
dynes 4 cm centimetre?
5 dynes 5 dynes

5 dynes 5 dynes
 Our body is 75% fluid.

Atmospheric pressure = 99,274,000 dynes/cm2

The pressure exerted by the atmosphere

perpendicularly everywhere on our body does
not crash us because it is balanced by our
body fluids that respond by compressing until
they are at the same pressure.

How many effects do the forces have on the

body?
Answer: only one
 Force as a vector
• Case #1: Two or More Parallel Forces
moving in the Same Direction
▫ When can you say that lines are parallel?
 If two lines are equidistant to each other
• Example of forces as vector quantities:
The direction
F1 = 80N of the
resultant
R = 130N to the right follows the
R=
F2 = 50N direction of
R = F1 + F2 = 80 N + 50 N
= 130 N the forces.

Resultant – the single effect of two or more forces acting

simultaneously on a body
• Case #2: Two Forces in Opposite Direction
• Example: Tug-of-War

• How many effects are there on the body?

▫ One - resultant
• How will you determine the magnitude of the resultant?
• How do you determine the direction of the resultant?
• The direction of the resultant follows the direction of the greater force.

F1 = 80N F2 = 50N

R = 30N
R = F (Algebraic Sum) R = - 80 N + 50 N
R = -F1 + F2 R = - 30 N R = 30 N to the left
 • Case # 3: Two Forces Forming Right
Angle with Each Other
GRAPHICAL METHOD:
= 16 N
1. Complete the
e parallelogram.
us
te n 2. Construct the diagonal.
ypo
H 3. Measure the length of the
= 12 N n t= = 12 N
s u lta diagonal.
Re 4. Determine the direction
of θ by the use of a
Θ = 36°
protractor.
= 16 N
R = 5cm x 4N/1cm
Let = 1 cm = 4 N R = 20 N at 36°
• Case # 3: Two Forces Forming Right
Angle with Each Other

= 16 N

e
n us
te
ypo
H
= 12 N n t= = 12 N
lta
s u
Re

Θ=

= 16 N
• Determine the magnitude and the direction of
the resultant of the following forces by graphical
and analytical method.
1. F1 = 100 dynes at 110°
F2 = 70 dynes at 290°
2. F1 = 30 N at 210°
F2 = 40 N at 120°
1. F1 = 100 dynes at 110°
F2 = 70 dynes at 290°

F1 = 100 dynes

R = F 1 – F2
R = 100 dynes – 70 dynes
R = 30 dynes at 110° 110°
290°

F2 = 70 dynes
2. F1 = 30 N at 210°
F2 = 40 N at 120°

0 N
=3
F1
F2 = 40 N

R=
50
𝜶 𝜽210°
N
120°

F1 = 30 N
• Case # 4: Two Forces Forming Any Angle
With Each Other
Acute angle (less than 90°)

F2 R
Obtuse angle (greater than 90°)

θ
R
F1 F2
Graphical Method:
1. Complete the parallelogram. θ
2. Draw the diagonal. F1
3. Measure the length of the resultant
using a ruler.
4. Measure the angle using a protractor.
 1cm = 20N
3. F1=80N at 40°
F2=60N at 125°
80 𝑁 ( )
1𝑐𝑚
20 𝑁
=4 𝑐𝑚

60 𝑁 ( )
1 𝑐𝑚
20 𝑁
=3 𝑐𝑚

125° F1= 80N

F2= 60N
40°

R =?

If:
• Case # 5: Concurrent Forces
▫ Three or more forces acting simultaneously on the
same body.

Methods:
1. Polygon Method (head-tail method)
2. Component Method
 Polygon Method (head-tail
method) 200°
1. Draw a cartesian plane.
2. Plot F1: Measure the angle & F3 = 80 N
the length.
3. At the head of F1 draw a
F2 = 65 N
cartesian plane.
4. Plot F2: Measure the angle & Re
su
the length. lta 100°
nt
5. At the head of F2 draw
cartesian plane.
𝜽
F1 = 30 N
6. Plot F3: Measure the angle & 36°
the length.
7. Connect the tail of F1 to the
head of F3.
8. Measure the length of the
• F1 = 30 N at 36°
resultant & the angle θ. • F2 = 65 N at 100°
• F3 = 80 N at 200°
 COMPONENT METHOD
x-component

F Fy

𝜽
Fx

y-component
 F2 = 65 N

F2y
N
30
200° =
F1
100° F1y
F3x F2x 36°

F1x

F3y
=80N
F3
• F1 = 30 N at 36°
• F2 = 65 N at 100° ∑ 𝑭 𝒙=𝑭 𝟏𝒙+𝑭 𝟐𝒙 +𝑭 𝟑 𝒙
• F3 = 80 N at 200°
𝑭 𝒙 =𝑭𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽

∑ 𝑭 𝒚 =𝑭 𝟏 𝒚+𝑭 𝟐𝒚+𝑭 𝟑𝒚
𝑭 𝒚 = 𝑭𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
 tan

Re
s ul
ta

∑ 𝑭 𝒚 =𝟓𝟒.𝟐𝟖𝑵
nt
𝜽
𝜶

∑ 𝑭 𝒙=−𝟔𝟐.𝟐𝑵
𝑹=𝟖𝟐.𝟓𝟓 𝑵 𝒂𝒕 𝟏𝟑𝟖 .𝟖𝟗°
 90° 90°
Q1 Q2

𝜽 𝜶 𝜽
0° 0°
180° 180° 360°
360°

270° 270°
90° 90°

𝜽 𝜽
0° 0°
180° 360° 180° 360°
𝜶 𝜶
Q3
270° Q4
270°
• Determine the
magnitude and the 𝑭 𝟑=𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑵
direction of the
resultant of the 𝟏𝟑𝟎°
following forces using

Res
polygon (head-tail

u
ltan
method) and 𝑭 𝟐=𝟔𝟎 𝑵

t
110
component method:

𝑭 𝟏=𝟗𝟎 𝑵
𝜽
𝟔𝟓°
Head-tail method
𝐹 1 =90 𝑁𝑎𝑡 65 °
𝐹 2=60 𝑁 𝑎𝑡 110 °
𝐹 3=120 𝑁𝑎𝑡 130 °

° 𝟓
𝑭 𝟐=

𝒂𝒕 𝟔
𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒: 1𝑐𝑚=30 𝑁

𝟎𝑵
𝟔𝟎 𝑵
1 𝑐𝑚
90 𝑁 × =3 𝑐𝑚

𝟏 𝟗
30 𝑁 𝑭𝟑 𝒚

𝑭=
𝒂𝒕 𝟏
1 𝑐𝑚 𝑭𝟏 𝒚

𝟏
60 𝑁 × =2 𝑐𝑚 𝟏𝟑𝟎°

𝟎°
30 𝑁 𝑭𝟐 𝒚 110
1 𝑐𝑚
120 𝑁 × =4 𝑐𝑚 𝟔𝟓°
30 𝑁
𝑭𝟑 𝒙 𝑭𝟐 𝒙 𝑭𝟏 𝒙
= 90N(0.4226) = 90N(0.9063)
= 38.04N = 81.57N

R
= 60N(-0.3420) = 60N(0.9397)

es
∑ 𝑭𝒚

ul
= -20.52N = 56.38N

ta
nt
= 120N(-0.6428) = 120N(0.7660)
= -77.13N = 91.93N 𝜶 𝜽

∑ 𝑭𝒙
= -59.61N = 229.88N

tan

𝑹=𝟐𝟑𝟕.𝟒𝟖 𝑵 𝒂𝒕 𝟏𝟎𝟒.𝟓𝟒°