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Classification and Tabulation of Data

The document discusses the classification and tabulation of data. Classification involves arranging data into groups based on common characteristics. Tabulation involves organizing classified data into tables with rows and columns for presentation. The key steps are to classify data, then tabulate it by listing related quantitative facts in a table with headings and footnotes to simplify and clarify the information.

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3K views15 pages

Classification and Tabulation of Data

The document discusses the classification and tabulation of data. Classification involves arranging data into groups based on common characteristics. Tabulation involves organizing classified data into tables with rows and columns for presentation. The key steps are to classify data, then tabulate it by listing related quantitative facts in a table with headings and footnotes to simplify and clarify the information.

Uploaded by

jubisha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Classification & Tabulation of Data

 Classification of data
The process of arranging things in groups or
classes according to their common
characteristics is called classification of data.
According to Horace Secrist, “Classification
is the process of arranging data into
sequences and groups according to their
common characteristics or separating them
into different but related parts.
Contd..

 Requisites of a Good Classification


The main characteristics of a good classification are:
It should be exhaustive: Classification must be
exhaustive in the sense that each and every item in the
data must belong to one of the classes.
It should be unambiguous: Classification is meant for
removing ambiguity. It is necessary that various classes
should be so defined that there is no room for doubt or
confusion.
It should be mutually exclusive: Each item of the
given data should fit only in one class. In other words,
the classes must not overlap
Contd..
It should be homogeneous: The items included in each
class must be homogeneous. Otherwise, there may be
further classification into sub groups.
Purpose of Classification of data
 It condenses the mass of data and ignores the
unnecessary details, thereby making available input
data to study or survey.
 It facilitates comparison between data.
 It helps in studying the relationship between several
characteristics.
 It facilitates further statistical treatments.
 It helps in preparing the data for tabulation.
Contd..

 It presents facts in a simple form.


 It brings out clearly the points of similarity and
dissimilarity.
Types of Classification
Quantitative Classification: When the basis of classification
is according to differences in quantity, the classification is
called quantitative classification. In other words, quantitative
classification is made according to numerical size. A
quantitative classification is the classification which is based
on such characteristics which are capable of quantitative
measurement such as height, weight, marks obtained etc of
individuals. Here, height, weight etc is a variable and the
number of persons indicates frequency.
Contd..

 Temporal Classification / Chronological

When the basis of classification is according to


differences in time, the classification is called temporal
or chronological classification. For e.g., the students
who got first division during the last three years are
classified year wise.

 Spatial / Geographical Classification:

When the basis of classification is according to


geographical location or place, such classification is
called spatial or geographical classification. For e.g.,
the crimes rate in different states.
Contd..

Qualitative Classification:
When the basis of classification is according to
characteristics or attributes like social status etc, it is
called qualitative classification. For e.g., educated and
uneducated persons, married and unmarried persons.
Classification of this nature is of two types:
1. Simple classification
2. Manifold classification
If the data are classified only into two categories
according to the presence or absence of only one
attribute, such type of classification is known as simple
or twofold or dichotomous classification.
Contd….

For e.g., the population of India maybe divided


into males and females.
Manifold classification is a type of classification
where more than two attributes are involved.
For e.g., when the population of males and
females are further subdivided into literates and
illiterates, we find there two attributes under the
study.
Tabulation of Data

The last stage in the compilation of data is tabulation.


After the data have been collected and classified, it is
essential to put them in the form of tables.
Tabulation is a scientific process used in setting of the
collected data in an understandable form. According to
Prof. Cuttle, “the logical listing of related quantitative
data in vertical columns and horizontal rows of
numbers with sufficient explanatory and qualifying
words, phrases and statements in the form of title,
headings and explanatory notes to make clear the full
meaning, context and origin of the data.”
Objectives of tabulation
To simplify the complex data:
In the process of tabulation, the unnecessary
details are avoided. All tabular data are presented
in such a manner that they become more
meaningful and can be easily understood by a
common man.
To clarify the objective of investigation:
The purpose of tabulation is to arrange the data
in easily assessable form, the answers with which
the investigation is concerned.
Contd…

To facilitate comparison:
It facilitates comparison of data shown in
rows and columns. Sometimes, comparable
figures are placed in columns or rows.
To depict trend and pattern of data:
Tabulation of data shows the trend of
information under the study. It reveals the
patterns within the figures which cannot be
understood in a descriptive form of
presentation.
Contd..
To help reference for future studies:
Data arranged in tables with titles and table
numbers can be easily identified and made use of
as source reference for future use and studies.
To facilitate statistical analysis:
It is only after classification and tabulation that the
statistical data becomes fit for analysis and
interpretation. Various statistical measures such as
averages, dispersion, correlation etc can be
calculated from the data which is systematically
classified and tabulated.
Difference between classification & Tabulation
 Classification of data is a process of statistical
analysis while tabulation is a process of
presentation.
 Classification is the basis for tabulation because
the data is classified first and then tabulated.
 In classification, the data is divided into various
groups and sub-groups based on their
similarities and dissimilarities, while tabulation
is a process of arranging the classified data in
rows and columns with suitable heads and sub-
heads.
Essential Parts of a Statistical Table
 Table Number:
A table should be numbered for identification, especially,
when there are a large number of tables in a study. The
number may be put at the centre above the title.
 Title of the Table:
Every table should have a title. It should be clear, brief and
self-explanatory. The title should be set in bold type so as to
give it prominence.
 Stub / Row Heading:
Each row of the table must have a heading. The headings of
the rows are called stubs. Stubs clarify the figures in the
rows. As far as possible, the items should be condensed so
that they can be included in a single row.
Contd..
 Caption / Column Heading:
A table has many columns and the sub-headings of the
columns are called captions or column headings. They should
be well-defined and brief.
 Body of the Table:
It is the most vital part of a table. It contains numerical
values. It should be made as comprehensive as possible. The
actual data should be arranged in such a manner that any
figure maybe readily located.
 Unit of Measurement:
The unit of measurement should be stated along with the title,
if this is uniform throughout. If different units have been
adopted, then they should be stated along the stub or caption.
Contd..

 Source Notes:
A note at the bottom of the table should always
be given to indicate the primary source as well as
the secondary source from where the data has
been taken, particularly when there is more than
one source.
 Footnotes and References:
It is always placed at the bottom of the table. It is
a statement containing explanation of some
specific items which cannot be understood by the
reader from the title, captions and stubs.

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