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Lecture6 2-1

The document discusses the vertical and horizontal distribution of seismic loads in buildings according to Indian code IS 1893. It states that the vertical distribution depends on the natural period and mode shapes of the building. For tall buildings, higher modes can be significant. IS 1893 conservatively uses a quadratic distribution. The horizontal distribution is influenced by rigid or flexible floor diaphragm action. Rigid diaphragms distribute loads proportionally to frame stiffness, while flexible diaphragms require more complex analysis.

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Nikhil Poriya
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56 views15 pages

Lecture6 2-1

The document discusses the vertical and horizontal distribution of seismic loads in buildings according to Indian code IS 1893. It states that the vertical distribution depends on the natural period and mode shapes of the building. For tall buildings, higher modes can be significant. IS 1893 conservatively uses a quadratic distribution. The horizontal distribution is influenced by rigid or flexible floor diaphragm action. Rigid diaphragms distribute loads proportionally to frame stiffness, while flexible diaphragms require more complex analysis.

Uploaded by

Nikhil Poriya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vertical Distribution of Seismic Load (Cl. 7.7.

1)
 Lateral load distribution with building height
depends on
 Natural periods and mode shapes of the building
 Shape of design spectrum
 In low and medium rise buildings,
 Fundamental period dominates the response, and
 Fundamental mode shape is close to a straight line (with
regular distribution of mass and stiffness)
 For tall buildings, contribution of higher modes
can be significant even though the first mode
may still contribute the maximum response.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 1
Vertical Distribution of Seismic Load (Cl. 7.7.1) (contd…)

 Hence, NEHRP provides the following expression for


vertical distribution of seismic load
Wi hik
Qi  V B n

 j j
W h
j 1
k

 Where k = 1 for T ≤ 0.5sec, and k = 2 for T ≥ 2.5 sec.


Value of k varies linearly for T in the range 0.5 sec to 2.5
sec.
 In IS:1893 over the years, k = 2 has been taken
regardless of natural period
 This is conservative value and has been retained in current
edition of the code also.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 2
Horizontal Distribution... (Cl. 7.7.2)
 Floor diaphragm plays an important role in
seismic load distribution in a building.
 Consider a RC slab (see figure next slide)
 For horizontal loads, it acts as a deep beam with depth
equal to building width, and the beam width equal to slab
thickness.
 Being a very deep beam, it does not deform in its own
plane, and it forces the frames/walls to fulfil the
deformation compatibility of no in-plane deformation of
floor.
 This is rigid floor diaphragm action.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 3
Concept of Floor
Diaphragm Action

Fig. from Jain S K, “A Proposed Draft for IS:1893…Part II:


Commentary and Examples,” J. of Struct Engg, Vol. 22,
No. 2, July 1995, pp 73-90

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 4
Horizontal Distribution... (Cl. 7.7.2) (contd…)

 Implications of rigid floor diaphragm action:


 In case of symmetrical building and loading, the seismic
forces are shared by different frames or walls in proportion
to their own lateral stiffness.
 See figure next slide.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 5
Lateral Load Distribution
Due to Rigid Floor
Diaphragm: Symmetric
Case – No Torsion

Fig. from Jain S K, “A Proposed Draft for IS:1893…Part II:


Commentary and Examples,” J. of Struct Engg, Vol. 22,
No. 2, July 1995, pp 73-90

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 6
 When building is not symmetrical, the floor
undergoes rigid body translation and rotation.
 See figure next slide

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 7
Analysis of Forces Induced
by Twisting Moment (Rigid
Floor Diaphragm)

Fig. from Jain S K, “A Proposed Draft for IS:1893…Part II:


Commentary and Examples,” J. of Struct Engg, Vol. 22,
No. 2, July 1995, pp 73-90

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 8
Rigid Diaphragm Action
 In-plane rigidity of floors is sometimes misunderstood to
mean that
 The beams are infinitely rigid, and
 The columns are not free to rotate at their ends.
 Rotation of columns is governed by out-of-plane
behaviour of slab and beams.
(a) In-plane floor
deformation, (b) Out-
of-plane floor
deformation.
Fig. from Jain S K, “A Proposed
Draft for IS:1893…Part II:
Commentary and Examples,” J. of
Struct Engg, Vol. 22, No. 2, July
1995, pp 73-90

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 9
Buildings without Diaphragm Action
 When the floor diaphragm does not exist, or
when the diaphragm is extremely flexible as
compared to the vertical elements
 The load can be distributed to the vertical elements in
proportion to the tributary mass

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 10
Flexible Floor Diaphragms
 There are instances where floor is not rigid.
 “Not rigid” does not mean it is completely flexible!
 Hence, buildings with flexible floors should be carefully analyzed
considering in-plane floor flexibility.
 Note 1 of Cl. 7.7.2.2 gives the criterion on when the
floor diaphragm is not to be treated as rigid.

Definition of Flexible Floor


Diaphragm (Cl. 7.7.2.2)

Fig. from Jain S K, “A Proposed (Plan View of Floor)


Draft for IS:1893…Part II:
Commentary and Examples,” J. of In-plane flexibility of diaphragm to be considered when
Struct Engg, Vol. 22, No. 2, July Δ2>1.5{0.5(Δ1+ Δ2)}
1995, pp 73-90

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 11
Analysis for Flexible Floor Diaphragm Buildings

 One can actually model the floor slab in the


computer analysis.
 Fig. on next slide shows the vertical analogy
method to consider diaphragm flexibility in
lateral load distribution

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 12
Lateral Load Distribution
Considering Floor Diaphragm
Deformation: Vertical
Analogy Method

Fig. from Jain S K, “A Proposed


Draft for IS:1893…Part II:
Commentary and Examples,” J. of
Struct Engg, Vol. 22, No. 2, July
1995, pp 73-90

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 13
Analysis for Flexible Floor Diaphragm Buildings (contd…)

 Alternatively, one can take the design force as


envelop of (that is, the higher of) the two
extreme assumptions, i.e.,
 Rigid diaphragm action
 No diaphragm action (load distribution in proportion to
tributary mass)

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 14
At the end of Lecture 6
 Main changes in the code for buildings:
 Natural period
 Value of R for different systems
 Irregularities specified in more details.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 6 / Slide 15

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