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Fundamental Principles of Counting

Fundamental-Principles-of-Counting

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58 views16 pages

Fundamental Principles of Counting

Fundamental-Principles-of-Counting

Uploaded by

michael novero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBABILITY

April 04, 2022

FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES OF
COUNTING
Week 1 – Day 1
LEARNING TARGETS
 I can illustrate probability;
 I can illustrate an experiment, outcome,
sample space, and event;
 I can count the number of occurrences of
an outcome in an experiment.
Probability is the
branch of mathematics
that provides
What is a quantitative description
probability? of the likely occurrence
of a specific event.
© Experiment refers to any
situational activity that
Experiment, involves chance.
© Outcome is any possible
Outcome, result of an experiment.
© Sample space is the complete
Sample list of all possible outcome of
an experiment.
Space, Event © Event refers to any subset of
sample space.
Counting is
How relevant fundamental in any
is counting to field of mathematics.
Probability is one field
probability? where a lot of counting
is used.
How to count the outcomes of an experiment?

Experiment 1: Tossing a Coin


How many possible outcomes?
In tossing a coin, there are two possible outcomes.

Head (H) or Tail (T)

In set notation, the sample space is


the number of elements is is .
How to count the outcomes of an experiment?

Experiment 2: Tossing a Coin Twice


In tossing a coin twice, there are four possible outcomes.
First Toss Second Toss Possible Outcomes
H H, H S
H
T H, T
E
H T, H
T
T T, T
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 1
If a coin is tossed and a die is rolled, how many possible
outcomes are there? List down all the outcomes using a tree
diagram, a table, and a systematic listing.
Using a tree diagram.
Solution:
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
1: and a die is rolled, how many possible outcomes are there? List
If a coin is tossed
down all the outcomes using a tree diagram, a table, and a systematic listing.

Solution:
From a tree diagram, a tabular listing can be done.

Coin H H H H H H T T T T T T

Die 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
1: and a die is rolled, how many possible outcomes are there? List
If a coin is tossed
down all the outcomes using a tree diagram, a table, and a systematic listing.

Solution:
The sample space, , is determined through systematic listing and presented in tabular
form.
Coin H H H H H H T T T T T T

Die 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑬 𝟑 ={, , , , , , , , , ,
, ( 𝑻 ,𝟔 ) }
𝒏 ( 𝑬 𝟑 )=𝟏𝟐 there are 12 possible outcomes.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 2
Supposed a Grade 8 student is to choose from Mandarin, Nihongo, French, or
Spanish as his elective course for foreign language. He, likewise, has to choose from
Classical Music, Painting, or Speech and Drama as an elective course for arts. How
many possible ways can he choose his electives?
Solution:
If no restrictions will be imposed on selecting electives (), then the possible outcomes are as follows:

𝑬 𝟒={, , ,
Mandarin (M)
Classical Music (CM) , , ,
Nihongo (N) , , ,
Painting (P) ( 𝑆 , 𝑆𝐷})
French (F) , ,
Speech and Drama (SD)
Spanish (S) 𝒏 ( 𝑬 𝟒 )=𝟏𝟐
Fundamental Principles of Counting

If an event has possible outcomes or can be done in ways, and


when it has been done, a second event has possible outcomes or
can be done in ways, and when it has been done, a third event has
possible outcomes or can be done in ways, and so forth, then the
total number of outcomes is the product of , , and , and so forth.
That is
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
Find the number of possible outcomes in
a) Rolling a die twice,
b) Tossing a coin 5 times, and
c) Rolling two dice.
Solution:
a) Rolling a die twice
There are 6 outcomes in the first roll and 6 outcomes in the second
roll. Therefore, the possible outcomes
b) Tossing a coin 5 times
There are always 2 outcomes when a coin is tossed.
Therefore, the possible outcomes .
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
Find the number of possible outcomes in
a) Rolling a dice twice,
b) Tossing a coin 5 times, and
c) Rolling two dice.
Solution:
c) Rolling two dice
There are 6 outcomes in rolling a die. Two dices are rolled and the
outcome of one is not affected by the outcome of the other.
Therefore, the possible outcomes
Thank You!
❤️ 😢
I am learning. I am still confused.

Unmute and tell your confusions and clarifications


before I go.
Asynchronous Task:
April 04, 2022 | 1:00-2:00 PM

Answer page 419 in your Math book:


 Mental Math (Exercise 8.1) – items 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ONLY.
 Submit your output in Aralinks in PDF format.

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