ORAL

COMMUNICATION
TIME
GENELYN C. REYES, LPT.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

 Differentiate the linear, interactive and transactional models of

communication
 Demonstrate understanding of the elements of communication
 Explain and illustrate the communication process

2
LETTER STRUGGLE
ARRANGE THE JUMBLED LETTERS.

N OAT I M M O C U N I C

C O M M U N I CAT I O N 4
DOMEL

MODEL 5
REALIN

LI NEAR 6
RETINVETIAC

I NTERACTIVE
7
T I O N LA C A S N R AT

TRAN SACTI O NAL

8
 HOW DOES THE
COMMUNICATION
PROCESS WORK?
3 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

LINEAR

INTERACTIVE

TRANSACTIONAL

10
LINEAR MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
The first model of communication were linear. The process of communication was then
perceived to be sequential and one – way in nature, which means that the message moves
towards only a single direction. The linear model of communication, also known as the
transmission model, reflects a process in which a speaker transmits information to a listener.

SENDER MESSAGE RECEIVER

ARISTOTELIAN
MODEL
The Aristotelian model of communication is a linear model which has only three elements: the speaker, the
message, and the audience. Public speaking is a common pratice among the ancient Greeks and communication
during that time was considered more speaker – centered.
According to the Greek Philosopher Aristotle, the three models of persuasion are ethos, which refers to the
personal character or credibility of the speaker, logos or the logical appeal based on reasoning, and pathos, which
appeals to the emotions of the audience. In this view of communication, the speaker or the sender of the message
controls the communication process by transfering information ( what the speaker knows) to receiver of the
information.

SPEAKER MESSAGE AUDIENCE

LASWELL MODEL
Harold Lasswell (1948) came up with a communication model involving five components that could be
answered by the questions: “Who?”, “Says what?”, “In what channel?”, To whom?”, and “With what
effect?”. Just like the Aristotelian model, Lasswell’s representation of communication is a process which
involves transmission of information from one person to another.

SAYS IN WHAT TO WITH WHAT

WHO
WHAT CHANNEL WHOM EFFECT

Communicator Message Medium Receiver Effect

Channel is a medium of communication through which information is conveyed and
understood. This may be in the form of print media, such as the newspaper, or broadcast
media such as the radio and the television. The choice of what channel to use is important as
some are more effective in particular contexts.
SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL
Laswell's model was later refined by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (1949). Their model, initially
designed for telephone and radio communication, constitutes five components, namely, an information
source, a transmitter, a receiver, a destination, and noise. Just like the first two linear models discussed,
the Shannon and Weaver model portrays the process of communication as one-way, in which the speaker
transmits information to a passive listener.
Noise refers to any form of interference which affects the meaning, or disrupts the flow, of communication. Though in
telephone conversations, the noise source may only occur at one point as illustrated in the model, in face-to-face
interactions, noise may occur at any point of the communication process.
Noise may be external, physiological, psychological, or semantic.
External or physical noise refers to any factor outside of the receiver that may distract the listener from understanding
the speaker's intended meaning. This may be in the form of a disturbing noise in the background or anything that may
veer away the receiver's focus from the message.
Physiological noise refers to interferences related to the communicators' biological functions, such as when a
communicator is not feeling well or is sick.
Psychological noise involves mental or emotional distractions that affect the accuracy of the message. For instance,
communicators fail to listen effectively if they are thinking of matters they deem are more important than the message.
Semantic noise involves the ambiguous use of language, incorrect use of grammar, or even the use of technical words
unfamiliar to the receiver of the message.
BERLO'S MODEL
David Berlo (1960) developed the SMCR model of communication based on the Shannon and Weaver
model. It is comprised of four basic elements: the source, the message, the channel, and the receiver,
each of which has five components.
While the Shannon and Weaver model treats the channel as a physical medium (e.g., telephone). Berlo
added a human dimension by representing the channel as a method of decoding the message through the
five senses: hearing, touch, smell, taste, and sight.

The source and the receiver of the message are influenced by their communication skills, attitudes,
knowledge, social system, and culture. The message component was also highlighted by being represented
as something that could be designed through the choice of code or a set of symbols such as language,
treatment, and content.
INTERACTIVE MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
There was a shift in the way communication was perceived when researchers took notice of the receiver's
role in the communication process. Linear models fail to take into account the interaction that happens
between the communicators. Instead of acting as passive listeners, receivers of the message may also
convey information by responding or giving feedback either through oral language, or through actions,
gestures, and facial expressions.
Although the linear model represents some types of mass communication, it is too simplistic to account for
the two-way process of communication.
SCHRAMM'S MODELS
Wilbur Schramm (1955) developed a model in which each of the communicators take on the roles of an
encoder, interpreter, and decoder in the communication process. Since responding or giving feedback is
also a form of transmitting information, the process is illustrated as interactive and cyclical instead of
sequential.
Schramm also emphasized the importance of people's fields of experience in the interpretation of meaning.
According to him, there must be an overlap in both communicators’ fields of experience. This means that
people involved in communication must share a similar experience or a common schematic background
about the topic of conversation in order to connect with, and understand, each other. Cultural differences
and the lack of shared experiences often result in misunderstanding.
WHITE'S MODEL
Eugene White's model recognizes feedback as a part of the communication process. He described the
process as sequential and cyclical, following the eight stages of oral communication. These stages are
thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feed backing, and monitoring.
TRANSACTIONAL MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
Of all the kinds of models, the transactional model of communication is considered the most accurate
representation of the communication process. Although the interactive models recognize feedback and the
cyclical process of communication, these do not illustrate the dynamic and simultaneous nature of
communication. Interactive models fail to take into account the fact that both communicators can send and
receive information at the same time.
WOOD'S TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
Julia Wood's model portrayed communication as a dynamic process which continually changes over time
depending on previous interactions. How you communicate to your parents, teachers, and peers is
influenced by the history of your relationships and the way you communicated with them in the past.
The sender and receiver of the message are labeled as communicators, signifying the active roles of each in constructing the
meaning of the message, as represented by the double-headed arrows. Although it is important to listen and wait for one's
turn in speaking, it is important to note that feedback may be verbal or nonverbal. While speaking, a communicator
simultaneously receives information by interpreting the nonverbal gestures (e.g., nodding, smiling, scratching of the head,
etc.) of the one listening to the message. Both communicators are responsible for the outcome of the communication.
SPEECH COMMUNICATION TRANSACTION
MODEL
This model by Raymie E. McKerrow, Bruce E. Gronbeck, Douglas Ehninger, and Alan H. Monroe, which
was designed primarily to represent public communication, is composed of the following elements: the
speaker, listeners, feedback, message, channel, situation, and cultural context.
Speakers may be evaluated according to their credibility, self-concept or attitude towards self or others,
knowledge of the subject, and intention or purpose of communication.

Listeners are characterized by their purpose of listening, knowledge and interest about the topic, listening skills,
and their attitudes towards self, the speaker, and ideas or information presented.

Feedback may be intentional (e.g., reply, angry retort, etc) or unintentional (e.g., yawning) and verbal (oral or
written) or nonverbal.

Three aspects of a message include the content, the structure, and the style.
Channels of communication include the verbal channel, which deals with language; the visual channel,
which is involved with the interpretation of nonverbal message; the aural or paralinguistic channel, which
carries meaning through the manner in which the message was conveyed (e.g., tone, pitch, loudness), and
the pictorial channel, which is concerned with visual aids completing the message.

Situation element refers to the physical environment and social context in which communication occurs,
while the cultural context deals with the rituals, rules, and norms imposed by a particular culture.
Thank you!