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    Feed & Feeding of Ruminant

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    avi_swati
    The document discusses the digestive system and feeding of ruminants. It notes that ruminants have a four-compartment stomach that allows them to regurgitate and rechew food, and they rely on microbes in the rumen to break down fibrous feeds. It provides guidelines for formulating balanced rations using various feed ingredients like roughages, concentrates, and supplements. Feeding can be done conventionally, through thumb rules, or scientifically by calculating nutrient requirements based on standards. Proper feeding is important to meet the maintenance and production needs of dairy cattle.

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    Feed & Feeding of Ruminant

    Uploaded by

    avi_swati
    484 views18 pages
    The document discusses the digestive system and feeding of ruminants. It notes that ruminants have a four-compartment stomach that allows them to regurgitate and rechew food, and they rely on microbes in the rumen to break down fibrous feeds. It provides guidelines for formulating balanced rations using various feed ingredients like roughages, concentrates, and supplements. Feeding can be done conventionally, through thumb rules, or scientifically by calculating nutrient requirements based on standards. Proper feeding is important to meet the maintenance and production needs of dairy cattle.

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    The document discusses the digestive system and feeding of ruminants. It notes that ruminants have a four-compartment stomach that allows them to regurgitate and rechew food, and they rely on microbes in the rumen to break down fibrous feeds. It provides guidelines for formulating balanced rations using various feed ingredients like roughages, concentrates, and supplements. Feeding can be done conventionally, through thumb rules, or scientifically by calculating nutrient requirements based on standards. Proper feeding is important to meet the maintenance and production needs of dairy cattle.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    484 views18 pages

    Feed & Feeding of Ruminant

    Uploaded by

    avi_swati
    The document discusses the digestive system and feeding of ruminants. It notes that ruminants have a four-compartment stomach that allows them to regurgitate and rechew food, and they rely on microbes in the rumen to break down fibrous feeds. It provides guidelines for formulating balanced rations using various feed ingredients like roughages, concentrates, and supplements. Feeding can be done conventionally, through thumb rules, or scientifically by calculating nutrient requirements based on standards. Proper feeding is important to meet the maintenance and production needs of dairy cattle.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    Feeds & Feeding of ruminants

    Ruminant Digestive system


    Different from human
    Stomach is of 4 compartments

    Chewing the Cud Animal regurgitates large ball of food which were earlier swallowed Fermentation by microbes in rumen is important for feed utilization Can digest high fiber containing feed (roughage), Important to feed the microbes first for better digestion and production in ruminants Need bypass nutrients when microbes are not able to provide enough nutrients for production

    10

    Part of ration of ruminants


    Feed ingredients
    Roughages
    Dry Green
    Maize

    Concentrate
    Energy
    Bajra Cotton seed cake Sorghum Wheat SBM

    Protein

    Fat
    Rice polish

    Tur Chunni

    Supplements and Additives


    Minerals Vitamins Antibiotics

    Compound feed Complete feed


    11

    Compound feed of ruminants


    Balanced nutrient source
    Agro by products Balanced feed

    Polarized source of Protein, fiber and fat

    Balanced source of Protein, Energy, fat, Vitamins, Micro & macro minerals,

    7/26/2011

    12

    Value comparison of commonly used ingredients

    Ingredients Crude Protein Fat Energy Crude fiber Minerals Digestibility Cost Rs/kg

    Cotton seed cake


    High

    GNC

    Maize

    Rice Polish

    DORB

    Balanced Feed

    Medium Low

    14

    18

    11

    10

    10

    7/26/2011

    13

    BIS Feed Specifications


    Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Characteristic Moisture, percent by mass, Max. Crude protein (N x 6.25), percent by mass, Min. Crude fat, percent by mass, Min. Crude fibre, percent by mass, Max. Acid insoluble ash, percent by mass, Max. Salt (as NaCl), per cent by mass, Max. Calcium (as Ca) per cent by mass, Min. Total phosphorus, per cent by mass, Min. Available phosphorus, per cent by mass, Min. Urea, per cent by mass, Max. Calcite powder, per cent by mass, Max. Vitamin A, I.U./kg, Min. Vitamin D3, I.U./kg, Min. Vitamin E, I.U./kg, Min. Aflatoxin B1 (ppb), Max. Requirement *Type-1 11 22 4.0 10 3.0 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.25 1.0 1.0 7000 1200 30 50 *Type-2 11 20 2.5 12 4.0 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.25 1.0 1.0 7000 1200 30 50

    *As per BIS specifications 2009

    Protein
    Importance
     Provides
     Supply of amino acids to the small intestine  Nitrogen for microbial growth

    Benefit to the animal


    Essential for health and immunity Maintain the milk production & SnF

    If not enough
    Less availability of amino acids from feed May limit fiber digestion and microbial growth Less milk production in animals taking the feed

    If too much
    Will contribute to increased ration cost More nitrogen wasted in urine & dung In longer run may lead reproduction problems

    15

    Fat
    Importance
     Provides important fatty acids essential for production & health  Important source of energy in the ration

    Benefit to the animal


    Concentrated source of energy in the ration Essential to maintain the milk fat % & production

    If not enough
    May limit milk & milk fat % Feed pellets may not have shine More friction to the dye

    If too much
    May limit fiber digestion, free fat is toxic to microbes in rumen By-pass fat should be included to provide fat above 2.5%

    16

    Moisture
    Importance
     Preserving the nutrients in feed  Penetration of heat for better cooking during conditioning

    Benefit to the animal


    In ration Important for digestion of nutrients Essential to maintain milk volume In compound feed Digestibility & palatability of feed If too much In ration - may limit total feed intake In compound feed Reduce shelf life of feed due to mold formation Soft pellets which break easily
    17

    If not enough In ration - may reduce milk volume In compound feed Brittle & hard pellets More loss due to dusting & fines

    Feeding of Dairy Cattle

    By Conventional method By Thumb rule method By Scientific feeding methods

    1. Feeding by conventional methods

    Common feeding practices in India


    Grazing + Water (without concentrate) Dry roughages + little concentrate + water Green fodders + little concentrate + water

      

    Dry roughages + green fodders + water + without conc. Adequate roughages + very less concentrate by experience Adequate roughages + adequate concentrate/ extra conc.

    2. Thumb rule method

    Dry matter requirement (per day)


     Cattle  Buffalo : 2 - 2.5 kg Dry matter / 100 kg B. Wt : 2.5 - 3.0 kg Dry matter / 100 kg B. Wt

    Criteria for feed formulation


    Body weight Milk Yield Dry matter Intake : 400 Kg : 10 Liter : 2 - 3 Kg Per 100Kg BW i.e. 8 - 12 Kg for 400 Kg BW

    2. Thumb rule method


    Total Dry Matter (10kg)

    2/3rd Roughage (4 -5kg)

    1/3rd Concentrate (3 4 kg)

    2/3rd Dry Roughage (Straw) 90%DM 10%Water 3.5 - 4.5 kg Straw

    1/3rd Green Roughage (Grass) 90% Water 10% DM 20 30 kg Green

    2. Thumb rule method Guidelines for feeding in Indian condition Straw Maintenance Lactation 4 kg 4 kg 4 kg Concentrate 1.25 kg 1.25 kg + 1 kg extra per 2 to 2.5 kg of milk 1.25 kg + 1.25 kg for pregnancy maintenance

    Pregnancy

    2. Thumb rule method

    Ration based on utility


    Maintenance: To maintain essential body function Production: Additional allowance for milk production over and above maintenance Typical ration for maintenance Straw : 4 - 6 kg Conc. : 1 - 1.5kg Typical ration for production Straw: 3.5 - 4.5 kg Green: 20 - 30 kg Concentrate: 3 - 4 kg In general 0.5 kg of concentrate for every 1 liter of milk

    3. Scientific feeding of dairy cattle

    Feeding of animals lactating animals


    Based on the calculated requirement of the animals based on feeding standards.
    Requirements Maintenance (400kgB.wt) Production(15kg) 4.5%fat Total 14
    DM (kg) CP (kg) DCP (kg) TDN (kg)

    0.36

    0.25

    3.10

    1.07 1.43

    0.75 1.00

    5.32 8.42

    3. Scientific feeding of dairy cattle

    Feeding regimen
    Kg Non leguminous Leguminous Wheat/paddy straw Concentrate (CP-20, DCP-16, TDN-72) Total 25 15 2.2 4.4 DM 5.0 3.0 2.0 4.0 14 CP 1.35 0.45 0.07 0.80 2.67 DCP 0.2 0.36 --0.64 1.20 TDN 3.25 1.95 0.80 2.88 8.88

    THANK YOU

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