Introduction

to
Machine Learning

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 What is Machine Learning?
• Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems
the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly
programmed. 
• Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that can
access data and use it to learn for themselves.
• The process of learning begins with observations or data, such as examples, direct
experience, or instruction, in order to look for patterns in data and make better decisions
in the future based on the examples that we provide. 
• The primary aim is to allow the computers learn automatically without human
intervention or assistance and adjust actions accordingly.
• Machine learning enables analysis of massive quantities of data.
• While it generally delivers faster, more accurate results in order to identify profitable
opportunities or dangerous risks, it may also require additional time and resources to
train it properly.
• Combining machine learning with AI and cognitive technologies can make it even
more effective in processing large volumes of information.

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 What is Machine Learning?
• Machine learning is made up of three parts:
• Computational algorithms at the core of making determinations.
• Variables and features that make up the decision.
• Base knowledge for which the answer is known that enables (trains) the
system to learn.

• Initially, the model is fed parameter data for which the answer is known.

• The algorithm is then run, and adjustments are made until the algorithm’s
output (learning) agrees with the known answer.

• At this point, increasing amounts of data are input to help the system learn
and process higher computational decisions.

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 What Machine Learning can do?
• Ever since computers were invented, we have wondered whether
they might be made to learn?
• If we could understand how to program them to learn-to improve
automatically with experience
• the impact would be dramatic!!
• Imagine
• computers learning from medical records which treatments are most
effective for new diseases,
• houses learning from experience to optimize energy costs based on the
particular usage patterns of their occupants, or
• personal software assistants learning the evolving interests of their
users in order to highlight especially relevant stories from the online
morning newspaper.

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 What Machine Learning can do?
• A successful understanding of how to make computers learn
would open up many new uses of computers and new levels
of competence and customization.

• And a detailed understanding of information processing

algorithms for machine learning might lead to a better
understanding of human learning abilities (and disabilities)
as well.

We do not yet know how to make computers learn nearly

as well as people learn.
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 What Machine Learning can do?
• Algorithms have been invented that are effective for certain
types of learning tasks, and a theoretical understanding of
learning is beginning to emerge.
• Many practical computer programs have been developed to
exhibit useful types of learning, and significant commercial
applications have begun to appear.

For problems such as speech recognition, algorithms based

on machine learning outperform all other approaches that
have been attempted to date.

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 Achievements of ML

• In the field known as data mining, machine learning

algorithms are being used routinely to discover valuable
knowledge from large commercial databases containing
• equipment maintenance records,
• loan applications,
• financial transactions,
• medical records and the like.

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 A few achievements of ML
Programs have been developed that:
• Successfully learn to recognize spoken words (Waibel 1989;
Lee 1989).
• Predict recovery rates of pneumonia patients (Cooper et al.
1997).
• Detect fraudulent use of credit cards, drive autonomous
vehicles on public highways (Pomerleau 1989).
• Play games such as backgammon at levels approaching the
performance of human world champions (Tesauro 1992, 1995).
etc.
 WELL-POSED LEARNING PROBLEMS

Tom Mitchell’s Definition:

“A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some class
of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured
by P, improves with experience E.”

For example, a computer program that learns to play checkers might

improve its performance as measured by its ability to win at the class of
tasks involving playing checkers games, through experience obtained by
playing games against itself.

In order to define learning problem, we must identity these three

features: the class of tasks, the measure of performance to be
improved, and the source of experience.
 Example 1
In Checkers learning problem: a computer program that
learns to play checkers might improve its performance as
measured by its ability to win at the class of tasks involving
playing checkers games, through experience obtained by
playing games against itself.
What is
• Task T:
• playing checkers
• Performance measure P:
• percent of games won against opponents
• Training experience E:
• playing practice games against itself
 Example 2
A Handwriting Recognition learning problem:
What is
• Task T:
• recognizing and classifying handwritten words within images
• Performance measure P:
• percent of words correctly classified
• Training experience E:
• a database of handwritten words with given classifications
 Example 3
A Robot Driving learning problem:
What is
• Task T:
• driving on public four-lane highways using vision sensors
• Performance measure P:
• average distance travelled before an error
• Training experience E:
• a sequence of images and steering commands record- ed while observing a
human driver
Question 1

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 Why Machine Learning?
• Machine learning has several very practical applications that drive the kind of real business results –
such as time and money savings – that have the potential to dramatically impact the future of your
organization.
• At Interactions in particular, we see tremendous impact occurring within the customer care industry,
whereby machine learning is allowing people to get things done more quickly and efficiently.
• Through Virtual Assistant solutions, machine learning automates tasks that would otherwise need to
be performed by a live agent – such as changing a password or checking an account balance. This
frees up valuable agent time that can be used to focus on the kind of customer care that humans
perform best: high touch, complicated decision-making that is not as easily handled by a machine.
• At Interactions, we further improve the process by eliminating the decision of whether a request
should be sent to a human or a machine: unique Adaptive Understanding technology, the machine
learns to be aware of its limitations, and bail out to humans when it has a low confidence in providing
the correct solution.
• Machine learning has made dramatic improvements in the past few years, but we are still very far
from reaching human performance. Many times, the machine needs the assistance of human to
complete its task. At Interactions, we have deployed Virtual Assistant solutions that seamlessly blend
artificial with true human intelligence to deliver the highest level of accuracy and understanding.

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 How does it work?
• Machine Learning algorithm is trained using a training data
set to create a model. 
• When new input data is introduced to the ML algorithm, it
makes a prediction on the basis of the model.
• The prediction is evaluated for accuracy and if the accuracy
is acceptable, the Machine Learning algorithm is deployed.
• If the accuracy is not acceptable, the Machine Learning
algorithm is trained again and again with an augmented
training data set.

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How does it work?
Stages of a
data science project
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Types of machine learning

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 Supervised Learning
• Supervised learning as the name indicates the presence of a supervisor as a
teacher.
• Basically, supervised learning is a learning in which we teach or train the
machine using data which is well labeled that means some data is already
tagged with the correct answer.
• After that, the machine is provided with a new set of examples(data) so that
supervised learning algorithm analyses the training data(set of training
examples) and produces a correct outcome from labeled data.
• Thus the machine learns the things from training data(basket containing fruits)
and then apply the knowledge to test data.
• Supervised learning classified into two categories of algorithms:
• Classification: A classification problem is when the output variable is a
category, such as “Red” or “blue” or “disease” and “no disease”.
• Regression: A regression problem is when the output variable is a real value,
such as “dollars” or “weight”

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 Unsupervised Learning
• Unsupervised learning is the training of machine using information that is neither classified nor labeled
and allowing the algorithm to act on that information without guidance. Here the task of machine is to
group unsorted information according to similarities, patterns and differences without any prior
training of data.
• Unlike supervised learning, no teacher is provided that means no training will be given to the machine.
Therefore machine is restricted to find the hidden structure in unlabeled data by our-self.
For instance, suppose it is given an image having both dogs and cats which have not seen ever.
• Thus the machine has no idea about the features of dogs and cat so we can’t categorize it in dogs and
cats. But it can categorize them according to their similarities, patterns, and differences i.e., we can
easily categorize the above picture into two parts. First first may contain all pics having dogs in it and
second part may contain all pics having cats in it. Here you didn’t learn anything before, means no
training data or examples.
• Unsupervised learning classified into these categories of algorithms:
• Clustering: A clustering problem is where you want to discover the inherent groupings in the data, such
as grouping customers by purchasing behavior.
• Association: An association rule learning problem is where you want to discover rules that describe
large portions of your data, such as people that buy X also tend to buy Y.
• Dimensionality Reduction: PCA.

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 Semi-Supervised Learning
• The most basic disadvantage of any Supervised Learning algorithm is that the dataset
has to be hand-labeled either by a Machine Learning Engineer or a Data Scientist.
• This is a very costly process, especially when dealing with large volumes of data.
• The most basic disadvantage of any Unsupervised Learning is that it’s application
spectrum is limited.
• To counter these disadvantages, the concept of Semi-Supervised Learning was
introduced.
• In this type of learning, the algorithm is trained upon a combination of labeled and
unlabeled data.
• The acquisition of unlabeled data is relatively cheap while labeling the said data is very
expensive.
• The basic procedure involved is that first, the programmer will cluster similar data using
an unsupervised learning algorithm and then use the existing labeled data to label the rest
of the unlabeled data.

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 Semi-Supervised Learning
A Semi-Supervised algorithm assumes the following about the data –
• Continuity Assumption: The algorithm assumes that the points
which are closer to each other are more likely to have the same output
label.
• Cluster Assumption: The data can be divided into discrete clusters
and points in the same cluster are more likely to share an output label.
• Manifold Assumption: The data lie approximately on a manifold of
much lower dimension than the input space. This assumption allows
the use of distances and densities which are defined on a manifold.

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 Reinforcement Learning

Process of learning “how to cycle” is not completely supervised or

unsupervised it’s a Reinforcement Learning process.
 Reinforcement Learning
• Reinforcement learning is an area of Machine Learning.
• It is about taking suitable action to maximize reward in a particular
situation.
• It is employed by various software and machines to find the best
possible behavior or path it should take in a specific situation.
• Reinforcement learning differs from the supervised learning in a way
that in supervised learning the training data has the answer key with
it so the model is trained with the correct answer itself whereas in
reinforcement learning, there is no answer but the reinforcement
agent decides what to do to perform the given task.
• In the absence of training dataset, it is bound to learn from its
experience.
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 Reinforcement Learning
• Main points in Reinforcement learning –
• Input: The input should be an initial state from which the model will start
• Output: There are many possible output as there are variety of solution to a
particular problem
• Training: The training is based upon the input, The model will return a state
and the user will decide to reward or punish the model based on its output.
• The model keeps continues to learn.
• The best solution is decided based on the maximum reward.
• Various Practical applications of Reinforcement Learning –
• RL can be used in robotics for industrial automation.
• RL can be used in machine learning and data processing
• RL can be used to create training systems that provide custom instruction
and materials according to the requirement of students.

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 Machine Learning Applications
• Machine Learning in Education
Teachers can use Machine Learning to check how much of lessons
students are able to consume, how they are coping with the lessons
taught and whether they are finding it too much to consume. Of
course, this allows the teachers to help their students grasp the
lessons. Also, prevent the at-risk students from falling behind or even
worst, dropping out.
• Machine Learning in Search Engine
Search engines rely on Machine Learning to improve their services is
no secret today. Implementing these Google has introduced some
amazing services. Such as voice recognition, image search and many
more. How they come up with more interesting features is what time
will tell us.
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 Machine Learning Applications
Machine Learning in Digital Marketing
• This is where Machine Learning can help significantly. Machine Learning allows a more
relevant personalization. Thus, companies can interact and engage with the customer.
Sophisticated segmentation focus on the appropriate customer at the right time. Also, with
the right message. Companies have information which can be leveraged to learn their
behavior.
• Nova uses Machine Learning to write sales emails that are personalized one. It knows which
emails performed better in past and accordingly suggests changes to the sales emails.
Machine Learning in Healthcare
• This application seems to remain a hot topic for the last three years. Several promising start-
ups of this industry as they are gearing up their effort with a focus on healthcare. These
include Nervanasys (acquired by Intel), Ayasdi, Sentient, Digital Reasoning System among
others.
• Computer vision is the most significant contributors in the field of Machine Learning. which
uses deep learning. It’s an active healthcare application for ML Microsoft’s InnerEye initiative
that started in 2010 and is currently working on an image diagnostic tool.

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Assignment 1
1. Explain why we need Machine Learning?
2. List 10 real-life applications of Regression and Classification.
3. Explain the labeled and unlabeled datasets and its application in
Machine Learning.
4. Explain Reinforcement Learning using a real-life example. Explain
how reinforcement learning is applicable in the example.
5. Explain how we can use the structured, semi-structured and
unstructured digital data in Machine Learning.

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Thank You