INTRODUCTION

◦ Teaching becomes rewarding when leaners get the most from

instructions as manifestated in their performance.An important
element in engaging learners is when the strategy used in
delivering the lessons uses an instructional material. When
properly and appropriately used, it can spice up a classroom
activity.
◦ These instructional materials may come in varied forms. One group
reders to the conventional and non-digital tools. A classroom will
always need a chalkboard or a writing board that may come in
varied forms and shapes. Bulletin boards, flip chart, dioramas,
puppets, terrarium, and the like, will always find their significance
in any classroom.
Lesson 1:
Development and Use of
Non-Digital and Conventional Materials.
The teachers need an instructional materials to
enhance teaching and learning. Instructional materials
are defined as print and non-print items that are
related to impact impormation to students in the
educational process. (Effiong & Igiri, 2015).
Instructional materials have several roles in teaching and
learning which include the following:

1. They promote meaningful communication and effective

learning.
2. They ensure better retention, thus making learning more
permanent.
3. They help to overcome the limited classroom by making
the inaccessible accessible.
4. They provide a common experience upon which late
learning can be developed.
5. They encourage participation especially if students are
allowed to manipulate materials used.(Brown et al.,2005;
Effiong & Igiri, 2015).
Instructional materials are the supplementary materials,
which help the teacher to make his/her presentation
concrete, effective, interesting, meaningful, and inspiring.
It is important to understand how to develop
instructional materials. Instructional materials refer to
any preexisting materials that are being incorporated, as
well as to those that will be especially develop for the
objectives(Haigler, 2014). There are also several factors to
consider in developing instructional materials:
1. Develop a story board and working outline based on the subject
goals and objectives.
2. Identify existing institutional resources including materials and
teachers capability.
3. The teacher may research off the shelf materials that have been
developed by others to determine if their approach could be useful.
4. Explore the possibility of adapting concepts of other teachers
without infringing on anyone’s copy protected design.
5. Modify existing materials based on the objectives of the lesson.
6. If the instructional materials are effective, you can share them
with other teacher.
7. The teacher developer can also sell his/her materials available.
Instructional materials are a great help in
stimulating and facilitating the learning of
the learners. According to Wright
( 1976:1) as cited on Cakir (2006) many
media amd many styles of visual
presentation are useful to the language
learner.
1. Diorama
It will make thw classroom to be
creative and innovative. It is fun way to
build an exciting scene in a small space.
2. Nature Table
This is a table that contains objects
and/or scenes related to the current
season, or upcoming festival or a symbol
of an ecosystem.
3. Writing Board
A writing board can display information
written with chalk orl special pens.
Although there are usually more effective
methods of transmitting information, the
writing board is still the most commonly
used visual aid.
Suggestions on Using the Writing Board.
1. Keep the board clean.
2. Use chalk or pens that contrast with the background of
the board so that students can see the information clearly.
3. Make text and drawings large enough to ne seen from
the back of the room.
4. Prepare complex drawings in advance (if every complex,
an overhead transparency or 35 mm slide may be
preferable).
5. Underline headings and important or unfamiliar words
for emphasis.
6. Do not talk while facing the board.
7. Do not block the students views of the
board; stand aside when writing or
drawing is completed.
8. Allow sufficient time for students to
copy the informations from the board.
4. Flip Chart
It is a large tablet or pad of paper, usually on a tripod oe stand.

Suggestions on Using Flipchart:

1. Use wide-tipped pens or markers, markers with narrow tips
produce printing that is difficult to read.
2. Print in block letters that are large enough to be read easily
from the back of the room.
3. Use different colored pens to provide contrast; this makes the
pages visually attractive and easier to read.
4. Use headings, boxes, cartoons and borders to improve the
appearance of the page.
5. Use bullets to delineate items on the page.
6. Leave plenty of “white space” and avoid putting too
much information on one page. (Crowded and poorly
arranged information is distracting and difficult to read).
7. When pages are prepared in advance, use every other
page. If every page is used, colors will show through and
make text difficult bto read.
8. Have masking tape available to put pages up around
rhe room during brainstorming and problem solving
activities.
9. To hide a portion of the page, fold up the lower
portion of the page and tape it. When ready to reveal rhe
information, remove the tape and let the page drop.
10. Face the student, not the flip chart while talking.

5. Zigzag board.
It is a multi- board series of three or four rectangular
boards. They are joined together along the sides by
hinges so that they can be easily folded up and carried.
6. Wall display

Disolaying items on a classroom wall is a well-known,

tried and tested educational method. A wall display is a
collection bof many different types of items and
materials put up on a wall to make an interesting and
informative display.
7. Rope and Pole display board.

This board consists of two parallel, horizontal poles tied

loosely together with rope. Visual aids such as posters
can be pinned to the rope.
Guidelines when designing conventional instructional
materials:
1. Unity- Use only one idea for each visual aid include a
headline.
2. Simplicity- Make ideas and relationship simple and easy to
recall. Avoid cluttering a visual with too many words,
numbers, or graphics.
3. Legibility- Make letters big and readable for all in the
audience.
4. Consistency- Use the same type style and art style.
5. Clarity- Avoid type that is too small to read; avoid all caps.