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Chapter 2 Hardware

This document discusses computer hardware and its components. It covers the differences between hardware and software, the central processing unit and how it executes instructions, different types of storage including primary and secondary storage, and input and output devices. Input devices allow data to enter the computer while output devices allow processed data to leave the computer. The document provides details on keyboards, pointing devices, scanners, and other hardware components.

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nagib nahiyan
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118 views20 pages

Chapter 2 Hardware

This document discusses computer hardware and its components. It covers the differences between hardware and software, the central processing unit and how it executes instructions, different types of storage including primary and secondary storage, and input and output devices. Input devices allow data to enter the computer while output devices allow processed data to leave the computer. The document provides details on keyboards, pointing devices, scanners, and other hardware components.

Uploaded by

nagib nahiyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Computer
Hardware
Hardware vs. Software
 Hardware
• The physical equipment used to process
information
 Software
• Instructions that, with the help of people,
command the hardware to perform desired
tasks

Chapter 2 Slide 2
Computer Hardware Conceptual
Overview

Figure 3-1 Chapter 3 Slide 3


Computer Devices
 Processing hardware
• Controls the peripheral devices, as
directed by computer software
 Data bus
• Electrical connection managing the flow of
data between the processing hardware and
the rest of the computer

Chapter 3 Slide 4
Computer Devices
 Adaptors (controllers)
• Reside inside the computer and convert
commands and data from the data bus into
signals that peripheral devices can use
 Port
• A connection between the computer box
and a device outside the computer

Chapter 3 Slide 5
Computer Devices

 Input, output, and communications


devices
• Transfer data between a computer and its
users or other computers
 Storage devices
• Save data for later processing

Chapter 3 Slide 6
Uses of Input Hardware
 Active data entry
• A person uses an input device to enter
data into a computer
 Passive data entry
• The computer obtains information without
the active participation of a user
 Control
• A person uses an input device to control
the tasks or actions of the computer.

Chapter 3 Slide 7
Input Devices
 Keyboard
• Consists of a plastic or metal housing
containing keys that, when pressed, send a
signal to the computer
 Pointing devices
• Allow the user to control the movement of
a cursor (pointer) on the screen

Chapter 3 Slide 8
Input Devices
 Formatted Text Readers
• Read text formatted specifically for the
device in use
 Image Capture Devices
• Include scanners, digital still cameras, and
digital camcorders

Chapter 3 Slide 9
Input Devices
 Instrumentation devices
• Receive input through other devices, such
as machines and musical instruments, that
produce electrical output
 Sensors
• Devices that respond to the environment
with a signal that a computer can interpret

Chapter 3 Slide 10
Processing Hardware – The Execution
Cycle

Figure 3-5 Chapter 3 Slide 11


Measuring Processing Power

 Word length and bus width


 Speed of arithmetic
 Instruction speed
 Instruction set
 Pipelining

Chapter 3 Slide 12
Processing Hardware
 Parallel processing
• Uses two or more processors in a single
computer
 Specialized processors
• Processors, such as video accelerators,
voice processors, cryptographic
coprocessors, and DSPs, that perform
highly specialized tasks

Chapter 3 Slide 13
Processing Trends
 Moore’s Law
• A 1965 prediction by Gordon Moore, a co-
founder of Intel, that the amount of
information storable in a square inch of
silicon would double about every 18
months

Chapter 3 Slide 14
Types of Storage Hardware
 Primary storage
• Electrical, resides on the bus, and is
directly accessible to the processor
 Secondary storage
• Storage that the processor cannot access
directly

Chapter 3 Slide 15
Types of Storage Hardware

 Volatile storage
• Requires electrical power to retain its data
 Non-volatile storage
• Retains its data in the absence of electrical
power

Chapter 3 Slide 16
Primary Storage Devices
 Cache memory
• Expensive super-fast primary storage
 RAM (random access memory)
• Volatile primary storage
 ROM (read-only memory)
• Non-volatile primary storage

Chapter 3 Slide 17
Secondary Storage Devices

 Fixed media
• Hard disk
• RAID
 Removable media
• Includes diskettes, cartridge disks,
magnetic tape, optical media, and flash
memory

Chapter 3 Slide 18
Other Storage Technologies

 Distributed Storage
• Storage Area Networks (SANs)
 Volumetric Storage
• Holographic
• MFD

Chapter 3 Slide 19
Hardware for Data Output

 Softcopy
• Output on an unmovable medium, such as
a computer screen.
 Hardcopy
• Output on a medium, such as paper, that
can be removed from the computer.
 Robotic
• Output into devices that physically move in
response to signals from a computer.

Chapter 3 Slide 20

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