CHAPTER 6

THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM AND

HOSPITALITY
Learning Outcomes the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

• Explain the impacts of tourism and hospitality;

• Discuss the negative and positive social effects of tourism and hospitality
• Define the negative economic aspects of tourism and hospitality;
• Describe the three factors in the relationship between crime of tourism and
hospitality:
• Appreciate the importance of tourism and hospitality.
The rapid growth of tourism and hospitality in the
20th century has produced both problems and
benefits for destination countries. It has had visible
impacts on the socio-cultural and socio-
economic environment. Although tourism and
hospitality can bring economic advantages to a
destination country, and it also brings with it
serious long term problems without careful control
and planning ,can threaten the society.
 The Positive Economic Effects of Tourism and Hospitality

The area affected may be a resort ,a region, or the entire nation. The
economic effects of tourism and hospitality may be classified into four groups,
namely; effects on Income; on Employment ; on the Area’s balance of
payments with the outside world ; and on Investment and Development.

INCOME

The tourism and hospitality industry obviously generates income within a

destination country. Nation wanting to increase their income have used
tourism and hospitality as a means for reasonably quick development.
Experienced has shown as that it takes less time to increase income from
tourism and hospitality than from manufactured goods or others available
options.
 Tourism income, in General, comes from wages and salaries, interests, rent,
and profits. Since tourism and hospitality as a labor-intensive industry, the greatest
proportion of it’s income is derived from wages and salaries. Income is also
generated from interest, rent, and profits on tourism and hospitality businesses
such as interests paid on loans to an airline in order to buy aircraft, or rent paid to
land owner for a car park. Income is also obtained from direct taxation or Indirect
taxation. Imposing value-added tax (VAT) on hotel bills is an example of indirect
taxation.

Tourism and hospitality is a both an income generator and income redistributor.

Because of the flow of capital from one country to another, many countries limit the
amount of currency the national may take abroad for foreign travel.

Much of the income of the international and national level is business income
which is generated by organizations buying and selling goods and services to
tourists. One advantage that tourism and hospitality offers developing countries in
the range of businesses needed to provide tourists.
 The sum of all income in a country is called the national income .The importance
of tourism and hospitality to a country’s economy can be measured through the
national income created by tourism and hospitality. The most common method for
estimating the income generated from tourism and hospitality is by determining the
multiplier for a destination. Multipliers are means of estimating how much extra
income produced in an economy as a result of initial spending or injection of cash.
 EMPLOYMENT

Employment, from local to national, benefits as well from tourism and

hospitality. In general, the tourist industry offers more employment opportunities
than others economic sectors. Generating employment is perhaps the greatest
advantage of tourism and hospitality on a developing economy. Tourism and
hospitality generates employment fasters for developing nations than for
developed ones. In general, tourism and hospitality employees in develop nations
are usually paid less. In developing countries the opposite is true.
 3 TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT

Direct Employment- is generated as a result of providing goods and services directly

to tourist in hotels ,restaurants, bars, and night club.

Indirect Employment- consist of those positions that are associated with other
tourism-related activities but are used by both the local resident and the tourists.
Shops and food wholesalers are considered to be sources of indirect employment.

Induced Employment- refers to people working in positions only peripherally related

to tourism and hospitality but generated because of it. Such as, construction
workers, merchants, and professionals such as doctors and accountants who
service the employees working directly in tourism-related positions.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
Tourism and hospitality has a major influence on the country’s balance of payments. It
is an accounting of flow of goods, services, and funds in and out of the country during a
given period. If a country pays or agrees to pay more money than it receives, it has a
deficit in it’s balance of payments. If it receives more money than it sends or exports ,it
has a surplus in it’s balance of payments.

Most countries, particularly those with good

tourism and hospitality facilities but little
industrial or agricultural export potential,
appreciate the contribution that incoming
tourists can make to their balance of payments
account .They therefore take steps to maximize
their tourist receipts through the development
of new attractions, promotions, subsidized
exchange rates, and other measures. They also
try to keep their own residents within the
country by taxation on outgoing tourist,
limitations on foreign exchange availability, or
refusal to grant exit permits.
 INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

Once an area has become economically successful, businessmen and

government agencies may be influenced to invest in tourism and hospitality and
other industries in that area. This is known by economists as an accelerator
concept.
 NEGATIVE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF TOURISM AND HOPITALITY

While most countries encourage tourism and hospitality for it’s economic
benefits, there are some negative economic aspects of tourism and hospitality that
have to be identified and discussed.

INFLATION AND LAND VALUES

The inflationary effects of tourism and hospitality can arise in different ways.
Rich tourist can afford to buy items at high prices. Retailers, realizing that their
prices on certain products and provide more expensive goods and services. Such
stores can compete more successfully catering to local residents. They can afford
to pay higher rents and taxes which are passed on to the costumers through
higher prices. Thus, local residents have to pay more for their goods.
 Inflation within destination areas in also caused by increasing land values.
Growth in the tourist trade creates additional demand for land, and competition
from potential buyer increases the price of land. The demand for more hotels,
vacation homes, and tourist facilities may bring more income to builders, real
estate agents, landowners, but local residents are forced to pay more for their
homes because of the increased value of land.
 HIGH LEAKAGES

Leakage occurs from a variety of sources. It occurs from the cost of

goods and services that must be imported to satisfy the needs of tourist.
Examples of these are developing countries which have to import cars,
buses, manufactured materials, and technology from developed nations to
meet the demands of tourists. Another source of leakage is the remittance of
profits and wages to outside sources. If foreign capital is invested in the
country’s tourism and hospitality industry, plant interest payments, rents,
or profits may have to be paid to the foreign country; thereby reducing
profits in the destination country. A third source of leakage is the
expenditure for promotion and publicity to encourage tourists to visit a
certain destination. The cost of advertisement is a large expense that
reduces the earnings of a destination area.
 SEASONALITY

Many tourist regions experience low returns on investment because of seasonal

fluctuation in demand. The seasonality of demands is reflected in hotel occupancy
rates. Many hotels experience greatly reduced revenues during the off season. Nevertheless, most hotels
prefer to remain open all year round to secure as much revenue as possible.
Accommodation investments are not the only ones with a low rate of return; tour operators also face similar
problems.

OVERDEPENDENCE ON TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

Some destinations have made themselves vulnerable to changes in tourist demand by becoming
overdependence on tourism and hospitality for their livelihood. Tourism is highly susceptible to changes
from within and outside the industry. Examples Of changes from within are price and fashions; while
global economic trends, political situations, and energy availability are Examples of outside changes.
Many tourists avoid destinations which are politically unstable but they usually select an alternative. The
decrease in demand for a destination results in underutilization of services, unemployment, and loss of
income.
 IMPACT CONTROL MEASURE

There are number of ways to maximize the benefits of tourism and hospitality to the
destination area. Edward Inskeep (1991), a consultant for the United Nation World
Tourism Organization (UNTWO),has suggested the following:

1. Develop tourism and hospitality gradually so that

the local residents can have sufficient time to adopt
to it and understand it. It would also allow the
government to properly plan, organize and monitor
tourism and hospitality ;
2. Maintain a scale of tourism and hospitality
development that is appropriate for the local as well
as national environment. If possible, develop other
economic sectors so that there is a balanced
economy and employment structure;
3. Involve residents and their spokesmen in planning
and decision-making so that they can participate in
determining the future of this sector;

4. Apply the concepts of tourism development zones;

5. Make certain that residents have easy access to tourist attractions, facilities, and
services including reduced admission fee if necessary, and that important amenity
features have public access and are not preempted by tourism;

6. Provide incentives to local ownership, management, and operations of hotels and

other tourist facilities and services so that residents can receive direct economic
benefits;

7. Develop strong linkages between tourism and hospitality and other economic
activities such as agriculture, fisheries, handicrafts, and manufacturing to help
develop these sectors, reduce leakage of foreign exchange through import
substitution, and spread the economic benefits of tourism and hospitality;

8. Plan, develop, and organize tourism and hospitality so that no area becomes too
congested with tourists, and residents can easily use community facilities and
services;

9. Train local people to work effectively in all levels of tourism and hospitality,
including managerial and technical positions, in order to reduce the number of
imported employees and to lessen possible misunderstanding between tourists and
local employees.
 Social Impacts Of Tourism and Hospitality

The social impacts of tourism and hospitality should not be confused with the
popular term “social tourism.” The social impacts of tourism and hospitality refer to
the changes in the quality of the of residents of tourist destinations. The objective of
social tourism is to ensure that tourism is accessible to all people

Host-Visitor Interactions
Tourism and hospitality causes more interaction between peoples particularly
between the tourists or visitors and the local residents or hosts. To understand the
social impact tourists have on an area, the characteristics of various types of
visitors and the level of interaction with the hosts should be clarified. smith (1997),
categorized tourists into several types and outlined her on the intensity of
interaction between the tourists (visitors) and the local residents (hosts). Her
classifications are as follows:
1. Explorer – This type of visitor is interested in being an active participants observer
among the population. the explorer easily adapts to local lifestyles and does not need
special tourists accommodation;

2. Elite – This type of tourist is few in number. He can afford to play well for unusual
vacations. He is well-traveled and usually known as “the jet-setter.” He differs from the
explorer in his attitude. His arrangements are either made by a travel agent or may be
pre-planned. Although he is willing to sample he local lifestyle, he requires some
degree and comfort;

3. Offbeat –This tourist adapts well to simple accommodations and services provide
for the occasional guest;

4. Unusual Tourist – This tourist loves sub-exotic cultural sites, and the unusual or
primitive sites as long as he can quickly and safety return to more familiar
surroundings and group;
5. Incipient Mass Tourist – This is a visitor who looks for the amenities of western
societies in hotels and other travel-related facilities.
He is a mixture of both pleasure seeker and business traveler.

6. Mass Tourist – He comes from the middle class. He arrives in a destination with
other tourists. There is a diversity of tastes among
them and their attitude is “you get what you pay for”; and

7. Charter Tourist – The charter tourist cost “en masse” with other of his kind creating
an extremely high among of business and receiving a high degree of standardization
in services and products. The interaction between the visitors and hosts is limited
and impersonal.
 Table 1. Frequency and Types of Tourists and their Adaptation to Local Norms

Types of Tourists Number of Tourists Adaptation to Local Norms

Explorer Very Limited Adapts fully

Elite Rarely seen Adapts fully

Offbeat Uncommon but seen Adapts well

Unusual Occasional Adapts slightly

Incipient Mass Steady flow Seek Western amenities

Mass Continuous influx Expects Western amenities

Charter Massive arrivals Demands Western amenities

Source: Smith, Velene L. “Hosts and Guests.” The Anthropology of Tourism, 1997.
 The level of interaction between the hosts and guests is illustrated is Table
1 for each type of tourist.

The impact increase with each level of tourist. The explorers and elite
tourist usually have little impact on the local
culture because of their limited number. The offbeat and unusual tourists
generally use the same hotels and services as the local travelers. With the
increase in number, and greater expectations and demand for special
facilities and services, a corresponding change un the local area occurs
 POSITIVE SOCIAL EFFECTS OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

Some of the Positive effects of Tourism and Hospitality are the following:

1. It creates a new medium for social change and multicultural understanding ;

2. It encourages adaptation to the realities of modern life and works toward

improving the host country’s environment and lifestyle options;

3. It promotes knowledge and use of foreign languages;

4. It improves health conditions and disease control.

 Social Change and Multicultural Understanding

One of the most important benefits of tourism and hospitality is the bringing
together of diverse people to help them understand one another. Pope Pius XII
touched on this aspect of tourism and hospitality when he spoke of ‘subjecting
oneself, joyfully or sorrowfully, to the inconveniences, great or small, which can
with difficulty be avoided. “The United Nations World Tourism
Organization(UNTWO) considers tourism as an encounter between a person and a
destination in it’s natural setting. Above all, the UNTWO believes it is an exchange
or encounter between individual groups of people as well as between social
groups. Thus, it becomes an encounter between nations and an exchange of
values. The impact of this exchange is significantly different between industrialized
nations and developing agricultural nations. The more isolated the country visited,
the more significant the social changes are likely to be.
 Adaptation to the Realities of Modern Life and Improvement of the Host Country’s Lifestyles .

The positive social benefits is the result of the following:

1. The quality of life improves in places where tourism and hospitality is being developed by
bringing both the urban infrastructure (water, housing, sewerage) and population benefits
(medical care, social assistance, schools) together;
2. The changes that occur in occupation and income patters create middle class with its different
attitudes, values, and social concerns;
3. Increased social mobility results in new employment opportunities in tourism and hospitality;
and

4. Changes in family relations occur through the employment of women outside the home. This
increases the family income and gives the worker’s children more opportunity for higher

Thus, tourism and hospitality promotes progress and modernization though exposure to other attitude
and values. It brings about improvements in facilities and services as well as improvements in the lifestyles
and quality of the residents of the host country.
 Use of Foreign Language
Use of a foreign language brings people in contract with those of other language groups. The need
and the desire to communicate increase interest in both the host and visitors to learn another language.

visitors to other destinations often want to learn a language to improve the quality of future
experiences. They may rent tapes or buy books to assist them in learning a language. Many popular
tourist destinations have developed short-term language courses to assist visitors .

Improved Health Conditions and Disease Control

The desire of tourists for high quality public health facilities can contribute to the maintenance and
improvements of those facilities in destination areas and provide additional sources of revenue
which, in turn, can be invested in upgrading water and sewage disposal facilities.

Through tourism and hospitality, local residents can become aware of both health problems and
good hygiene. This Awareness can lead to a change in the health infrastructure of a destination.
Improvements in one community then pravers the way for improvements of the whole region.
 Negative Social Effects of Tourism and Hospitality

While tourism and hospitality has enable different people to strengthen the social structure, mass
tourism has brought with it expenses and problems. Among these are: social saturation; changes in the
social structure, behavior, and roles; community problems; and negative demonstrative effects .

Social Saturation

The presence of large number of tourists is particular places at specific times results in saturation or
congestion of facilities and services and competition for limited resources. The local residents
frequently resent having to share their facilities and services with visitors.

In destinations that attract a large number of tourists, public transportation is so crowded with
tourists that there is hardly any room for local residents. Shops are full of travelers, forcing the local
to change their shopping patterns. Streets are full of visitors resulting to traffic jams. Thus, saturation
or congestion brought about by tourism and hospitality is often cited as a social cost.
 Changes in the Social Structure, Behavior, and Roles

Tourism and hospitality the traditional forms of employment which results in the
lowering of the status of agricultural workers, migration of population, and the
breaking up the families. Many young people demand freedom from their families.
They also disregard social norms such as respects for elders and close family ties.
Young women who enter the workforce have changed their traditional dress to
tourist clothes.

Tourism and hospitality in some areas lead to other social problems in the family.
Some wives who work in tourism and hospitality establishments have higher
salaries than their husbands. This often leads to the loss of self confidence among
their husbands. In addition, their improved way of dressing and grooming causes
their husbands to be jealous and suspicious. This has led a higher divorce rate.

This disruption in the kinship system reduces cohesiveness in the whole

community, thus changing the population characteristics.
 Community Problems

Prostitution ,often called the ‘oldest profession’, certainly existed before the
growth of mass tourism. It is difficult to say how responsible tourism and
hospitality has been for the rise of prostitution in tourist destination.

The following are some of the reasons for the increase of prostitution in tourist
resort:

1. The processes of tourism and hospitality have created locations and

environments which attract prostitutes and their clients;
2. By its very nature, tourism and hospitality means that people are away from
the puritanical bonds of normal leaving, anonymity is assured away from
home, and money is available to spend hedonistically. These circumstances
are conducive to the survival and expansion of prostitution;
3. As tourism and hospitality affords employment for women, it may upgrade
their economic status. This, in turn, may lead to their liberization and
eventually to their involvement in prostitution to maintain or acquire new
economic levels;
4. Tourism and hospitality may be used as a scapegoat for the general loosening
of morals.
 Lin and Loeb(1977) identified the following three factors in the relationship between
crime of tourism and hospitality :

1. Population density during the

tourist season increase, creating
the availability of a large number
of targets and congestion;

2. The differences in income between

hosts and tourists encourage
robbery, and

3. The proximity of resorts to an

international border may attract
undesirable migrants, resulting in
increased expenditures for law
enforcement and monetary losses
Portrait photo of James Loeb as a young man, perhaps during his student days at
for businesses that become targets. Harvard College. Photo: from Wünsche and Steinhart (2009)
 Negative Demonstrative Effects

Negative demonstrative effect consist of tourist behaviors which can be

considered socially and economically inappropriate. One of the major results of
negative demonstrative effects is the polarization of the hosts from the
tourist ,which happens in a number of ways.

First, tourists often demand commodities and facilities beyond the economic
capacity of local residents.
Second, the social norms of the tourist that are very difficult from the local customs
give rise to social problems. Also, the values and materialism of young travelers are
copied by the young local people.
Third, initiates polarization is the importation of foreign workers from more develops
countries.
 Impacts Control Measures

A number of Control measures can be adopted to decrease the negative change

in an areas. Some of these are:

1. Reducing the contact between hosts and guests by limiting the carrying capacity
of the destination and by regulating the tourist flow;

2. Separating the hosts and the tourist within tourist enclaves;

3. Designing community education and citizen involvement program centered on

tourism and hospitality development, policy, and regulatory issues; and

4. Expanding human resources development and training programs in all

components of the tourism and hospitality system to include social skills
(interpersonal relations and networking referral tactics)
 Impact of Tourism and Hospitality on Culture

Tourism and hospitality increases the acculturation process as well as the cultural
convergence of the people. Acculturation is defined as those changes that occur in a
culture through borrowing from other cultures. These changes may include techno-
logy, language and values, Cultural convergence is the tendency of world cultures
to become more alike. A very good example of this is the adoption of many European
ways by people of less-developed countries because of their exposure to European
culture and technology

Positive Effects of Tourism and Hospitality on Culture

The two most important positive effects of tourism and hospitality on culture are
The promotion of intercultural communication the renaissance of native culture.
 Intercultural Communications

Mobility, which is a prerequisite of tourism and hospitality, is necessary for

different social groups, nationalities, and cultures to meet and interact. Such as
interaction may contribute to the removal of social or national prejudices and the
promotion of better understanding and positive social change. Cross-cultural
communications between tourists and their hosts may promote changes in local culture
while preserving or revitalizing local ethnic and cultural identity. The quality of
cross-cultural communication is of prime importance if it contributes to the
promotion of understanding between tourists and their hosts.
 Renaissance of Native Culture

Tourism and hospitality may be important to be the host country to remind its people of
its history and culture. In Eastern and Western Europe, Many traditional folk customs and
costumes are preserved for the benefits of tourists. Folk culture festivals are organized to
attract visitors. Model culture centers in both developed and developing countries have been
highly profitable and have helped maintain interest In their cultures.

Traditional art forms have been revived in several countries. Tourism and Hospitality has
stimulated the preservation of traditional art include traditional songs and dances.

The establishment of the model culture villages (living museums) has contributed largely
to the renaissance of native traditions and craft. Model culture villages create historical and
ethnic environments designed to perpetuate tradition and stimulate awareness of the local area.
There are two main purposes of cultural model villages. The first is to provide a location where
visitors may observe and participate in a particular culture without disrupting the everybody
life of the people who live in the area. And the second is to portray the past history of the area.
 Negative Cultural Impact of Tourism and Hospitality

While tourism and hospitality has enable different people to restore and maintain interest
in their own cultures, it has also led to the destruction of a country’s work of art. The local
residents resents who thinks they have the right to the country’s art whether bought or stolen.
Several tourists persuade the natives to sell traditional objects which have been used for gene-
rations. The greed for money which induces people to part with family heirlooms explains the
destruction of the archeological sites or the desecration of monuments in Egypt, Bali, India, or
Central America.

The artifacts may no longer be represented as traditional arts due to the following reasons:
1. Mass production due to increase in demand result to losing the careful and precise product
workmanship;
2. The impersonal nature of the tourist market has decreased the spiritual relevance of the artist’s
work;
3. Art is produced according to the taste tourists which ,in Africa ,means carving animals,
grotesqueness ,and gigantism ;
4. The increased demand has led to the misrepresentation of the age or authenticity of objects
resulting in a large number of imitations.
 Impact Control Measure

The following control measures may be adapted to reduce the negative impact of
tourism and hospitality on culture:

1. Develop programs which enhance tourism and hospitality’s contribution to

intercultural communication and interaction such as matching tourist types
with destination characteristics and designing programs for the interaction of
local residents and guests promoting goodwill “ambassador” tourist
education ;
2. Incorporate local indigenous features within Western-style structures such
as decorating hotel interiors with local paintings, murals and sculpture ,and
encouraging porters ,maids and waiters to dress in native costumes.
 Environmental Impact of Tourism and Hospitality

The history of tourism and hospitality closely shows that the environment has
contributed to the birth and progress of tourism and hospitality. The term
“environment” connotes both human and physical characteristics. Speakers and
writers often refer to it as human environment ,physical environment ,or a
combination of both . A term that describes the human and physical
characteristics of an area is pre-existing forms .

An analysis of the positive and positive aspects of tourism and hospitality

indicates a need to encourage wise resources management , particularly of water
and energy ,and the problems of noise and pollution ,as well as the problem of
garbage and fire hazards which may arise from tourist activities . The
environmental benefits and negative impacts of tourism and hospitality need to
be recognized.
Positive Environmental Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality

Tourism and Hospitality has created environmental awareness in two-ways:

1. Contact with scenic areas has raised man’s awareness of the earth’s beauty
and made it easier for him to see and enjoy it with minimum damage;
2. Environmental awareness has been heightened by mass tourism which
caused direct and indirect destruction.

In developed countries, several national parks and monuments have been

created to preserve the natural, cultural, and recreational resources of the land
for the enjoyment, appreciation, and education of present and future
generations. Developing nations realize that their historical sites or traditional
towns and neighborhoods untouched by progress are economic assets.
Tourism and hospitality has created appreciation of the environment by
bringing scenic attractions to the attention of the public.
Conservation

Conservation and preservation of the environment not only benefit the local
area but they also determine the future of tourism and hospitality. First, the
local residents benefit from the preservation. Second, tourism and hospitality,
for as long as it draws tourists, will continue to be a socioeconomic and cultural
asset.

Gunn (cited by Valene, 1995) gave the following factors which led to the
conservation movement:

1. The provision for public lands was seen as an antidote to the immoral values
of urban society and as an escape from the routine work and urban living ;
2. There was an emphasis of the efficiency of resources being used particularly
on nonrenewable resources .Early expectations stressed maximum
utilization but with a minimum of environmental degradation;
3. Conservation also incorporated aesthetic enhancement. This is particularly
significant as one major tourist activity is sightseeing which depends heavily
on the qualities of the natural environment; and
4. Protecting the natural environment from irresponsible human manipulation.
Mathieson and Wall (cited by Landberg,1995) identified four ways in which
tourism and hospitality has been important to conservation. These are:

1. Stimulating the rehabilitation of existing historic sites, buildings and

monuments;
2. Stimulating and transformation of old buildings and locations into new
tourist facilities;
3. Creating the impetus for the conservation of natural resources; and
4. Bringing about the introduction of administrative and planning controls
necessary to maintain the quality of the environment to ensure satisfying
and rewarding experience for the tourist.
Development of Attractions

In the Caribbean island of St. Croix, the US National Park Service has
established and developed an underwater national Park. This unique site
attractions snorkelers and those interested in corals. It helps preserve the area
and creates an awareness of the character of the coral reefs and the sea floor.

A. Historic Preservation
Many historical sites in both urban and rural areas have been preserved to
attract tourists. Example are Intramorus or Walled City in the Philippines. This
restoration and rejuvenation process is occurring throughout the world and
serves as major characteristics of an area intended to impress tourists.

B. Resident Benefits
Tourism and hospitality benefits the local residents in a number of ways. The
first benefit is that the results of conversation and preservation can be enjoyed by
the local community as well as by the tourists .The creation of national parks and
monuments provides quick access to a variety of nature’s wonders and outdoors
activities to both local residents and visitors .
 Negative Environmental Impact of Tourism and Hospitality

The term “carrying capacity” is the degree of development a certain area can
take without having detrimental effects on the environment . If the tourist
development becomes saturated, the very attractions which draw visitors to a
place may be destroyed ,causing the decline in quality and popularity of a
certain tourist destination.
The difference between developed and developing areas lies in the cultural
dissimilarities and the measure of control used to handle the development. In
developing countries, there is lack of control measures because of cultural
differences , lack of technical skills, and lack of financial resources needed to
implement plans.
 Environmental Conflict
Some of the problem affecting the quality of the environment are destruction of the
vegetation, pollution (air, water, and noise), and the destruction of wildlife. The destruction of the
vegetation occurs because of the large number of tourists who trample on the vegetation. In many
parks, campers have cut branches of trees and completely cut down small trees. In areas such as
ocean fronts and island, many visitors going to and from the area destroy the vegetation cover,
ever changing the temperature of the area. Sometimes, the loss of vegetation leads to soil erosion
and the further debasement of the environment.

Air pollution results the fumes emitted by automobiles, taxis, buses, aircraft, and factories.
Areas with large numbers of vehicles usually suffer from air pollution.

Water pollution is the result of the discharge of untreated waste from resorts or boats into
seas, rivers, lakes, and spring. The lack if an effective sewerage system is some areas has led to the
widespread pollution of the inshore waters making fish consumption inadvisable and swimming
unhealthy. Moreover, such diseases as cholera, typhoid, viral hepatitis, and dysentery are caused
by seafood from polluted water.

Noise pollution is associated with traffic congestion on land and on air. Many recreational
vehicles such as motorcycles, motorboats, and aircraft cause a lot of noise.
 Problem associated with wildlife results from killing of animals such as birds and the
disruption of the of the normal habits of feeding and breeding. A very good example is the killing of
elephants for tusk, zebras for hides, antelopes for their heads, lion claws for necklaces, monkey for
skin throw-rugs, gazelles for hoof key rings, and the like. The prevalence of many tourists in an
area changes the breeding habits and living patterns of much of the wildlife. The animals are forced
to move to a less traditional habitat.
Geological Conflicts

Tourism and hospitality affects geological formations. Some tourists minerals, rocks,
fossils, and corals from tourist attractions ;others destroy formations by vandalizing.

Resident Conflicts

A number of conflicts frequently occur between residents and tourists or tourism

developers. In cities, hotels are built at the expense of residential accommodations. The
increasing value of land often forces residents to move away from the area. Hotel
development also brings traffic congestion and air pollution. The increasing demand
creates problems for local fisherman and hunters who now compete with the tourists as
well as with each other.

Conflict between tourists and the local residents may also arise because of damage to
the area brought about by littering , vandalism ,and traffic congestion. In rural areas ,the
damage to crops ,farm buildings , live stocks are common complaints of farmers ,together
with the increasing value of lands ,competition for labor, and land erosion.
 Impact Control Measures

Two measures which will reduce the negative impact of tourism and hospitality
have been identified, thus, creating a quality environment for both residents and
tourists. First, the general protective measures and second, regulation and control
of tourist development. The protective measures are designed to safeguard the
various aspects of the environment-endangered animals and plants, beaches, and
forests through the creation of national parks and wilderness areas. The man-made
environment is included in the conservation and restoration of historical or
archaeological monuments, valuable buildings, and neighborhoods. These
measures have two objectives-to protect the environment and to maintain its
attractiveness as a tourist destination. Regulation and control refers to zoning and
land use, and planning specifications on the facilities being built as to height,
appearance, open space, and overall design, among other things. These are rapidly
done in some countries like Switzerland where builders must follow certain
architectural styles before permission is given for development. These are done to
prevent unattractive tourist development.