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Fluid Machinery Turbine Lecture 1

Turbines extract energy from moving fluids and convert it to mechanical work. They have been used for centuries to harness energy from rivers and wind. There are several types of turbines classified by the working fluid (water, air, steam, gas) and the direction of fluid flow. Hydraulic turbines include impulse turbines like Pelton and cross-flow, and reaction turbines like propeller, Kaplan and Francis. Turbines are also classified based on shaft position and direction of water flow. Reaction turbines generate power from both pressure and moving water. Hydropower potential depends on factors like head, flow, turbine efficiency and other losses. Affinity laws relate performance between turbines of similar type but different sizes.

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521 views22 pages

Fluid Machinery Turbine Lecture 1

Turbines extract energy from moving fluids and convert it to mechanical work. They have been used for centuries to harness energy from rivers and wind. There are several types of turbines classified by the working fluid (water, air, steam, gas) and the direction of fluid flow. Hydraulic turbines include impulse turbines like Pelton and cross-flow, and reaction turbines like propeller, Kaplan and Francis. Turbines are also classified based on shaft position and direction of water flow. Reaction turbines generate power from both pressure and moving water. Hydropower potential depends on factors like head, flow, turbine efficiency and other losses. Affinity laws relate performance between turbines of similar type but different sizes.

Uploaded by

Jarred Tañedo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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TURBINES

• A turbine is defined as a machine that extracts energy from a moving fluid and convert it to a useful
mechanical work.

• Much of the basic theory and most similarity parameters used for pumps also apply to turbines.

• Turbines have been used for centuries to convert freely available mechanical energy from rivers and wind
into useful mechanical work, usually through a rotating shaft. Whereas the rotating part of a pump is
called the impeller, the rotating part of a hydroturbine is called the runner.
Types of turbine
1. Hydraulic Turbine/hydro turbine
- used when the working fluid is water and energy is extracted from water.

2. Wind turbine(windmill)
- when the working fluid is air and energy is extracted from the wind.

3. Steam Turbines
- the turbomachines that convert energy from the steam into mechanical energy of a rotating shaft

4. Gas turbine
- A more generic name for turbines that employ a compressible gas as the working fluid.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

Action of water
1. Impulse
2. Reaction
3. Propeller

Direction of water flow


4. Radial actward
5. Radial inward
6. Axial or parallel
7. Mixed radial

C. Position of shaft
8. Vertical
9. Horizontal
Impulse Turbine

An impulse turbine generally uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges at
atmospheric pressure. A water stream hits each bucket on the runner. With no suction on the down side
of the turbine, the water flows out the bottom of the turbine housing after hitting the runner. An impulse
turbine is generally suitable for high-head, low-flow applications. The two main types of impulse turbine
are Pelton and cross-flow turbines.
Pelton
Turbine
Cross – Flow
Turbine
Reaction Turbine

A reaction turbine generates power from the combined forces of pressure and moving water. A runner is
placed directly in the water stream, allowing water to flow over the blades rather than striking each
individually. Reaction turbines are generally used for sites with lower head and higher flows and are the
most common type.

The two most common types of reaction turbines are Propeller (including Kaplan) and Francis. Kinetic
turbines are also a type of reaction turbine.
Kaplan
Turbine
Francis
Turbine
GENERATOR EFFICIENCY

N=

Frequency=cps or hertz
Poles = number of poles (even numbers)
SPECIFIC SPEED

ENGLISH UNIT

Ns = rpm Other Formula in English Unit:


N= rpm
He=ft a) Francis Turbine:
BP=hp
+ 19
SI UNIT
b)Kaplan Turbine:
Ns = rpm
N= rpm + 35
He=m
BP=kw
TURBINE AFFINITY LAWS
Q N

BP

and = capacity of first and second turbine


and = RPM of first and second turbine
and = Brakepower delivered in first and second
turbine
and = densities
A potential hydraulic plant site, the average gross head is 73 m. It is 9 m. wide with a depth of 1.5 m.
rectangular gate and has an average water velocity of 4.5 m/sec. Assume coefficient of discharge of
60.5%, leakage loss equal to 5% of the discharge flow and the head utilizing by turbine blades is 60 m.
The mechanical loss in the turbine is 75 kW. It has a generator efficiency of 95% and the fluid friction
loss equal to 3% of the gross head. Determine the following:
a. Volumetric efficiency
b. Hydraulic efficiency
c. Mechanical efficiency
d. Penstock efficiency
e. Electric power generated.
Example Question 1:
A certain proposed hydroelectric power plant has the following survey data and design:
Gross head – 45.7 ft
Mean Flow – 69.3 ft3/sec
Length of penstock – 70 ft
Penstock diameter – 3 ft

Assume :
Coefficient of friction, f – 0.020
Turbine Efficiency – 30%
Generator efficiency – 95%
Francis type, vertical type, reaction type, single with expander and pressure casting.

Find the following:


a. Net head in ft used by the turbine.
b. Hp developed by the turbine.
c. Standard capacity of synchronous generator
d. Synchronous normal rpm.
Example Question 1 Solution:
Example Problem 2:
At a proposed hydroelectric plant site, the elevation of the head water is 600 m, tail water elevation is 480
m, average annual water flow is determined to be equal to that volume flowing through a rectangular
channel 4 m wide and 0.50 m deep and average velocity of 5.5 m/sec. Assuming that the plant will operate
350 days/year. Find the annual energy in kW-hr that the power site can develop if the hydraulic tur - bine
that will be used has an efficiency of 80% and genera tor efficiency of 92%. Consider a head work loss of 4%
of the available head.
Practice Problems:
1. A Francis turbine is installed with a vertical tube. The pressure gage located at the penstock leading to
the turbine casing, reads 372 6 kPa and velocity of water at the inlet is 6 m/sec. The discharge is 2.5
m³/sec. The hydraulic efficiency is 85%, generator efficiency is 98% and the overall efficiency is 82%.
The top of the draft tube is 1.5 m below the center line of the spiral casing while the tail race is 2.5 m
at the top of the draft tube. There is no velocity of whirl at the top of the bottom of the draft and
leakage losses is negligible. Calculate:
a. Total head ans: 43.5 m
b. Power Output of the plant ans: 863.066 kw
c. Mechanical Efficiency ans:96.47%

2. The flow of a river is 750 ft³/sec and the head at the power site is 80 ft. It is proposed to develop this
site with the installation of 3 turbine, two similar units and another of half their size, all having the same
efficiency of 85 %. Find the rotative speed of all these units.

Ans: N1 = 319 rpm


N2 = 319 rpm
N3 = 451 rpm
3. A hydro storage plant has 20,000 kW rated capacity, with a utilization factor of 76%. For a 1.5
hr- peak, deter - mine the hydraulic impoundment in m of water required, with friction factor loss
of 6%. Dam elevation at 120 ft and hydro electric turbine elevation of 40 ft and a tail race at
elevation 20 ft. Generator efficiency is 92 % and a turbine efficiency of 85% and evaporation
factor of 20%.
If the water is pumped from the low reservoir with friction factor of 8 %, pump efficiency of 76%
and motor efficiency of 85%,
a. How many kW-hr of power is required to pump the water needed to carry the peak?
b. What is the overall thermal efficiency of the hydroelectric power plant?

Ans: a) 64,816.5 kw-hr


b)35.16%

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