Chemical Bonding and Lewis Structure

CHEMICAL BONDING AND
LEWIS STRUCTURE
QUANTUM NUMBERS AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Activity 1: Crossword Puzzle
Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle below
1
Types of Bonding
1. Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is formed when metals on the left side (Group 1(A) and Group
2(A) of the periodic table and nonmetals on the right side (except noble gases, group
8A) interact. This type of interaction is observed between atoms with large differences
in their tendencies to lose or gain electrons and is achieved via electron transfer. Once
the electrons have been transferred to the non-metal, both the metal and the non-
metal become ions. The metal becomes positively charged and the nonmetal becomes
negatively charged. An ionic compound is formed when the two oppositely charged
ions attract each other. For instance, positively charged sodium ions and negatively
charged chloride ions attract each other to make sodium chloride, or table salt.
Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting and boiling points. They are
hard and brittle and conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Some common ionic
compounds are magnesium bromide (MgBr 2), magnesium oxide (MgO), and
potassium bromide (KBr).
Figure 3. Common elements that form ionic bonds (Orange = metals;
Green = nonmetals)
1. Covalent Bond
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms reach stability by sharing electrons
(rather than fully gaining or losing them). Covalent bonds are more common than ionic
bonds in the molecules of living organisms. These bonds mostly occur between
nonmetals or between two of the same (or similar) elements. One, two, or three pairs
of electrons may be shared between atoms, resulting in single, double, or triple bonds,
respectively. The more electrons that are shared between two atoms, the shorter and
stronger their bond will be.
Figure 4. Structures of some common covalent compounds
Compounds formed through covalent bonding are brittle solid, have relatively
low melting and boiling points, and are poor conductor of heat and electricity. Several
covalent compounds have high vapor pressure, which makes them volatile and good
as fuels. Propane, methane and gasoline are all covalent compounds that readily
undergo combustion, producing energy as a bi-product. Water and almost all the
biomolecules that govern the chemistry in our body are formed through covalent
bonds.
Lewis Dot Symbols
Valence electrons of an atom are better represented
with Lewis dot symbols. From the previous lesson,
the number of valence electrons of the main block
element is usually equivalent to its group number.
For instance, Carbon is a Group 4(a) element, thus it
has 4 valence electrons. The number of valence
electrons of Fluorine is 7 because it is in Group7(a).
Magnesium has 2 valence electrons because it
belongs to Group2(a).
Lewis dot symbol is very useful when learning about
chemical bonding, and chemical reactions. It consists of
the symbol of an element and one dot for each valence
electron in an atom of the element. The dots are placed on
the four sides of the symbol—top, bottom, left, and right
—and each side can accommodate up to two electrons.
The choice on which sides to place two electrons rather
one electron is arbitrary since all four sides are equivalent.
It is recommended that we spread out the dots as much as
possible. In general, we cannot write simple Lewis dot
symbols for the transition metals, lanthanides, and
actinides because they all have incompletely filled inner
shells.
Figure 1. Lewis dot symbols of some main block elements
The Octet Rule and Bond Formations
The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to
gain, lose or share electrons to have eight
electrons in the valence shell or attain the same
number of electrons as the noble gas nearest to them
in the periodic table. Noble gases are known as
stable elements as evidenced by their general lack of
reactivity. All the noble gases except Helium have
eight valence electrons, which is why many atoms
undergoing reactions end up with eight valence
electrons.
Octet rules do not generally apply to the d or f electrons.
Only the s and p electrons are involved in the octet rule,
making it useful for the main group elements (elements not
in the transition metal or inner-transition metal blocks). Main
group elements have an octet which corresponds to an
electron configuration ending with s2p6. However, there are
some exceptions to the octet rule: boron and aluminum
readily form compounds in which they have six valence
electrons, rather than the usual eight predicted by the octet
rule. Sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, and chlorine are common
examples of elements that form an expanded octet or form
compounds in which they have more than 8 valence
electrons. Moreover, in some cases, having an odd number
of electrons in a molecule guarantees that it does not follow
the octet rule.
For instance, table salt or NaCl is the result of Na+ ions and Cl- ions bonding
together in an ionic bond. If sodium metal and chlorine gas react under the right
conditions, they will form salt. Since sodium is a metal, it loses an electron, becomes
positively charged and the chlorine gains that electron and becomes negatively
charged. The resulting salt is mostly unreactive — it is stable. It will not undergo any
explosive reactions, unlike the sodium and chlorine that it is made of. (Note that each
line that connects two atoms represents two bonded electrons.)
Figure 2. Ionic bond formation of sodium chloride

Referring to the octet rule, sodium has one
valence electron, so giving it up would result in
the same electron configuration as neon.
Chlorine has seven valence electrons, so if it
takes one it will have eight (an octet) and
achieve an electron configuration as argon. It is
also important to consider that atoms are more
stable when they have a smaller charge or no
charge at all.
Generally, the stoichiometry of a product of an ionic bond formation of a metal
and a non-metal is equal to the exchange of their charges. For instance, when
magnesium reacts with nitrogen at elevated temperatures, a white solid compound,
magnesium nitride (Mg3N2) is formed. Magnesium will lose 2 valence electrons to
achieve an electron configuration as neon, thus becoming Mg2+. Nitrogen will then
need 3 more electrons to become stable since it has only 5 valence electrons.
Consequently, nitrogen will become N 3- for gaining 3 more electrons.
Figure 3. Formation of magnesium nitride

In general, the product of ionic bond formation of the metals and non-metals in the
representative block is:
Figure 4. Formation of ionic bond product (M=metal; N= nonmetal; a and b =

charges)
In covalently bonded atoms, sharing of electrons is being exhibited by all atoms
involved to satisfy the octet rule. For example, two hydrogens share each of their
valence electron with each other to have two electrons in their valence shells through
a single bond. As a result, each hydrogen atom achieves an electron configuration as
helium, the nearest noble gas which has only 2 valence electrons.
Figure 5. Covalent bond formation of H2

Several atoms form multiple bonds to satisfy the octet. If two atoms share two
pairs of electrons, the covalent bond is called a double bond. This type of bond is much
stronger and shorter than single bonds. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the compounds
where double bonds are found.
Figure 6. Electron sharing of CO2 through double bonds

A triple bond arises when two atoms share three pairs of electrons, as in the
nitrogen molecule (N2). This type of bond is much stronger and shorter than single and
double bonds.
Figure 7. Electron sharing of N2 through a triple bond

For the non-metallic elements (Families 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A), they can accept a
complementary number of shared bonds to reach the octet state. Family 4A can share
4 covalent bonds (4 + 4 = 8), whereas Families 5A, 6A, and 7A can share 3, 2, and 1
covalent bond(s), respectively, to achieve the octet state. Usually, the formula of their
product is equal to the exchange of the individual number of lacking electrons they
need to reach octet. As for the reaction of carbon and chlorine, carbon needs 4 more
electrons while chlorine needs one more electron to satisfy the octet, hence CCl4.
ACTIVITY 2: PREDICTING CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
DIRECTIONS: THE FOLLOWING PAIRS OF ATOMS FORM IONIC
OR COVALENT COMPOUNDS WHEN BONDED. COMPLETE THE
TABLE BELOW WITH THE NEEDED DETAILS. TWO ANSWERED
ROWS SERVE AS EXAMPLES.
Activity 3: What type of bond do you form?
Directions: Imagine yourself and the people around you as atoms.
Just like atoms, you need to form bonds to be more stable. Your
attitude, talents and potentials, love and care, advises and
compliments, and the things you treasure should serve the function of
electrons. Based on your understanding on the concept of ionic and
covalent bonds, what type of bond do you want to form with other
people? What do you want to do with your electrons? Support your
answer. Your answer should not be less than 7 sentences and not
more than 10 sentences.
ACTIVITY 4
WRITE THE TYPE OF BOND AND DRAW THE LEWIS
STRUCTURE OF EACH COMPOUND
Lewis dot symbol of

Compound Type of Bond
each atom
KBr

MgCl2

PCl3

CO

CaF2

Chemical Bonding and Lewis Structure

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CHEMICAL BONDING AND

Figure 2. Ionic bond formation of sodium chloride

Figure 3. Formation of magnesium nitride

Figure 4. Formation of ionic bond product (M=metal; N= nonmetal; a and b =

Figure 5. Covalent bond formation of H2

Figure 6. Electron sharing of CO2 through double bonds

Figure 7. Electron sharing of N2 through a triple bond

Lewis dot symbol of

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