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Lec 12

This document discusses open channel flow, including: 1) Open channel flow can be steady or unsteady, uniform or varied depending on how properties change over time and space. Gradually varied and rapidly varied flow occur near obstructions in a channel. 2) Open channel flow is driven by gravity and can be laminar, transitional, or turbulent depending on the Reynolds number. Velocity profiles in open channels are nonuniform due to shear stress variations. 3) Uniform flow occurs when depth and velocity remain constant. The Manning and Darcy-Weisbach equations relate velocity to hydraulic radius, roughness, slope and other variables in uniform flow.

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Muhammad Suleman
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58 views15 pages

Lec 12

This document discusses open channel flow, including: 1) Open channel flow can be steady or unsteady, uniform or varied depending on how properties change over time and space. Gradually varied and rapidly varied flow occur near obstructions in a channel. 2) Open channel flow is driven by gravity and can be laminar, transitional, or turbulent depending on the Reynolds number. Velocity profiles in open channels are nonuniform due to shear stress variations. 3) Uniform flow occurs when depth and velocity remain constant. The Manning and Darcy-Weisbach equations relate velocity to hydraulic radius, roughness, slope and other variables in uniform flow.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Suleman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

ADVANCED FLUID MECHANICS CEE-208


Types of Flow

■ Criterion: Change in flow properties with


respect to time and space

OCF
Time is a criterion
Steady flow Unsteady flow
(y/t=0) (y/t0)

Space is a criterion

Uniform Flow Varied Flow Uniform Flow Varied Flow


(y/x=0) (y/x=0) (y/x0)
(y/x0)

GVF RVF GVF RVF


Classification of Open-Channel Flows
■ Obstructions cause the flow depth to vary.
■ Rapidly varied flow (RVF) occurs over a short distance near the
obstacle.
■ Gradually varied flow (GVF) occurs over larger distances and usually
connects UF and RVF.
Steady non-uniform flow in a channel.
State of Flow

Laminar OCF, Re < 500

OCF Transitional OCF, 500 < Re < 1000

Turbulent OCF, Re > 1000


Effect of Gravity
■ In open-channel flow the driving force (that is the force
causing the motion) is the component of gravity along the
channel bottom. Therefore, it is clear that, the effect
of gravity is very important in open-channel flow.
■ In an open-channel flow Froude number is defined as:

Inertia Force V 2 V
Fr = , and Fr ==
2
or Fr
Gravity Force gD gD
=

■ In an open-channel flow, there are three types of flow


depending on the value of Froude number:

Fr>1 Supercritical Flow


Critical Flow
Fr=1 Subcritical Flow
Velocity Profiles

■ In order to understand the velocity distribution, it is


customary to plot the isovels, which are the equal velocity
lines at a cross section.
Velocity Distribution
The velocity distribution in an open-channel flow is quite nonuniform
because of :
• Nonuniform shear stress along the wetted perimeter,
• Presence of free surface on which the shear stress is zero.
Uniform Flow in Channels
■ Flow in open channels is
classified as being uniform or
nonuniform, depending upon the
depth y.
■ Depth in Uniform Flow is called
normal depth yn
■ Uniform depth occurs when the
flow depth (and thus the average
flow velocity) remains constant
■ Common in long straight runs
■ Average flow velocity is called
uniform-flow velocity V0
■ Uniform depth is maintained as
long as the slope, cross-section,
and surface roughness of the
channel remain unchanged.
Uniform Flow in Channels
V2 V2
1  z2 
z1  y1  2g 2  22g  hl
y

velocity head hl  Sf x
energy
grade line
Sf x
hydraulic
y1
grade line
y2

S o x

x Sf=Sw =So
Datum
Continuity and Energy Equations
■ continuity equation can be
expressed as

V 1A1  V 2 A 2
■ energy equation
∆x between two stations

■ Head loss hL

hl

■ The change
 S f  xin elevation head
can be written in terms of the
bed slope 
S o  ( z1  z 2 )
x
Non-uniform gradually varied flow. Sf≠Sw ≠So

h l S f x
Sf
Chezy equation (1768) Darcy-Weisbach equation (1840)

Introduced by the French engineer L V2 V2


hf  f 
Antoine Chezy in 1768 while L 2g 4Rh 2g
D f
designing a canal for the water-
L V2
supply system of Paris LS f f
4R h 2
g
2 8
RhSf  f V ⇒ V RhSf
C = Chezy coefficient 8  g
g
C is a function of R (like f in Darcy-Weisbach) f
IMPORTANT:
In Uniform Flow
Sf o
=S
Manning Equation for Uniform Flow

V  1 R 2/3
S 1/2
o
n
Discharge: Q
VA
1 2 / 3 1/
Q AR2 So
 n
Manning Equation (1891)

1 2/3
h S 1/2 (SI System)
V  nR f

Notes: The Manning Equation


1) is dimensionally nonhomogeneous
2) is very sensitive to n

Is n only a function of roughness?


NO!
Dimensions of n? T /L1/3

V
1.49
R2/3
h S1/2
f
(English system)
n

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