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Chapter 2

This document discusses force systems, including: 1. It defines forces and introduces concepts like internal/external forces, magnitude/direction/point of application, and the principle of transmissibility. 2. It covers coplanar and non-coplanar force systems in 2D and 3D, including resolving, composing, and finding the resultant of force systems. 3. It discusses moments, couples, and force-couple systems, providing examples of calculating moments and couples in both scalar and vector approaches.

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Yordanos Abebaw
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48 views37 pages

Chapter 2

This document discusses force systems, including: 1. It defines forces and introduces concepts like internal/external forces, magnitude/direction/point of application, and the principle of transmissibility. 2. It covers coplanar and non-coplanar force systems in 2D and 3D, including resolving, composing, and finding the resultant of force systems. 3. It discusses moments, couples, and force-couple systems, providing examples of calculating moments and couples in both scalar and vector approaches.

Uploaded by

Yordanos Abebaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quiz

CHAPTER-2

FORCE SYSTEM

BY BETHELHEM B.
2.1 Introduction
 Defn: A force can be defined as the action of one body on another that
changes/tends to change the state of the body acted on.
 Is
defined as an action which tends to cause acceleration of a body. F =
ma
 Magnitude, direction, point of application; VECTOR
 The action of a force on a body can be divided as internal and
external.
 External force: is a force exerted on a body by some other body.
(applied force and reactive force).
 Internal force: is a force exerted by one part of a body on another
part of the same body. (Deformation, strain)
Principle of transmissibility
 A force may be applied at any point on a line of action without
changing the resultant effects of the force applied external to
rigid body on which it acts
 Magnitude, direction and line of action is important; not point of
application
2.2 coplanar Force systems(2D)
 Coplanar Forces:-are forces which act on the same plane.
 Coplanar collinear forces:-are coplanar forces acting on the same line-
collinear.
 Coplanar parallel forces:-Are forces which are on the same plane and
parallel

 Coplanar concurrent forces:-Are forces on the same plane whose


lines of action intersect at a point.
 Non coplanar forces:-are forces which act on different planes.(3D)
 Non coplanar parallel forces:-is system of non planar forces but
which are parallel.

 Non-coplanar concurrent forces:-are non planar forces whose lines


of action meet at a point.
Composition and Resolution of Forces
2.2.1 Resolution of a force
Resolution as defined earlier is the reverse of composition. It is the
process of getting the components of a vector along different axes.
Rectangular components
are the components of the force along the rectangular coordinate
axes.
Example-1
Example-2
2.2.2 Moment and couple
 In addition to its tendency to move a body in the direction of its
application, a force also tends to rotate the body about any axis
which doesn’t intersect the line of action of the force and which
is not parallel to it. This tendency of a force to rotate a body
about a given axis is known as the moment, M,
of the force. torque
Examples
Exercise
Ans..
Couples: The moment produced by two equal and opposite and
non-collinear/parallel/ forces is known as couple. Consider the
action of equal and opposite forces F and –F a distance d apart.

The moment of a couple is defined as


MO = F d (using a scalar analysis) or as
MO = r x F (using a vector analysis).
Here r is any position vector from the line of action of F to
the line of action of F.
Examples SCALAR APPROACH

Find: The magnitude of F so that the resultant couple moment


is 1.5 kNm clockwise.
Solution:
The net moment is equal to:
+ M = – F (0.9) + (2) (0.3)
= – 0.9 F + 0.6
– 1.5 kNm = – 0.9 F + 0.6

Solving for the unknown force F, we get


F = 2.33 kN
EXAMPLE: VECTOR APPROACH
A 450 N force couple acting on the pipe assembly. Find: The
couple moment in Cartesian vector notation.
Solution
1) Use M = r x F to find the couple moment.
2) Set r = rAB and F = FB.
3) Calculate the cross product to find M.
rAB = { 0.4 i } m
FB = {0 i + 450(4/5) j - 450(3/5) k} N
= {0 i + 360 j - 270 k} N

= [{0(-270) – 0(360)} i – {0.4(-270) – 0(0)} j + {0.4(360) – 0(0)}


k] N·m
= {0 i + 108 j + 144 k} N·m
2.2.3 Force – Couple System
 Resolution of a force into a force and a couple
The effect of a force on a body has been described in terms of the
tendency to push or pull the body in
the direction of the force and to rotate the body about any axis which
doesn’t intersect the line of the
force. The representation of this dual effect can be facilitated by replacing
the given force by an equal
and parallel force at the new point sought and a couple to compensate for
the change in the moment of the forces.
 =>Effect of force is to fold – 1) to push or pull, 2)
rotate the body about any axis
⇒Dual effect can be represented by a force-couple system
⇒ a force can be replaced by a force and couple
2.2.4 Resultant
 The resultant of a force system is the simplest force combination
that can replace the original forces without altering the external
effect of the system on the rigid body to which the forces are
applied.
The equilibrium of a body is the condition where the resultant if all
forces that act on it is zero.
Exercise
2.3 Non coplanar force system(3D)
2.3.1 Resolution of forces
Rectangular components

the x, y and z scalar components of a given or unknown force.


In most cases, the direction of a force is described;
A/ by two points on the line of action of the force, or B/ by two
angles which orient the line of action.
A/ by two points on the line of action of the force

B/ by two angles which orient the


line of action.
Examples
Exercise
Ans..
2.3.2 Moment & Couple
In three dimensions, the determination of the perpendicular
distance between a point or line and the line of action of the force
can be a tedious computation. The use of a vector approach using
cross-product multiplication becomes advantageous.
Resultants
Examples
Chapter end

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