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D Ata & Signals

1) Data and signals can be either analog or digital, with analog being continuous and digital being discrete. 2) Signals can also be periodic or aperiodic, with periodic signals repeating at regular intervals and aperiodic signals not repeating. 3) Frequency and period are inversely related, with higher frequencies corresponding to shorter periods.

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24 views20 pages

D Ata & Signals

1) Data and signals can be either analog or digital, with analog being continuous and digital being discrete. 2) Signals can also be periodic or aperiodic, with periodic signals repeating at regular intervals and aperiodic signals not repeating. 3) Frequency and period are inversely related, with higher frequencies corresponding to shorter periods.

Uploaded by

sectheta01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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D ATA

&
SIGNALS
Analog and Digital

TO BE
TRANSMITTED,
DATA MUST BE
TRANSFORMED TO
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SIGNALS

• Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers to


information that is continuous; digital data refers to information
that has discrete states. Analog data take on continuous values.
Digital data take on discrete values.
A N A L O G A N D D I G I TA L S I G N A L S
• Signals can be analog or digital.
• Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range.
• Digital signals can have only a limited number of values.
PERIODIC AND
NON-PERIODIC
SIGNALS
• A signal which repeats itself after a specific interval of
time is called periodic signal. A signal which does not
repeat itself after a specific interval of time is
called aperiodic signal. ... A signal that does not
repeats its pattern over a period is called aperiodic
signal or non periodic
PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS
Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or composite.
A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be decomposed into
simpler signals.
A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine waves.

A sine wave
Two signals with the same Two signals with the same
phase and frequency, but phase and amplitude, but
different amplitudes different frequencies
FREQUENCY AND PERIOD ARE THE INVERSE OF EACH

OTHER.
EXAMPLE 1

• The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz. The period of this sine wave can be determined as follows:

EXAMPLE 2
The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in kilohertz?
FREQUENCY
• Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time.
• Change in a short span of time means high frequency.
• Change over a long span of time means low frequency
• If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero.
• If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is infinite

Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0.

In electronic signaling, phase is a definition of the position of a point in time


(instant) on a waveform cycle. ... Lagging phase refers to a wave that occurs
"behind" another wave of the same frequency. When two signals differ
in phase by -90 or +90 degrees, they are said to be in phase quadrature 
Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,

but different phases


Example 4

A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0. What is its phase in degrees and radians?

Solution

We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6 cycle is


Wavelength and period

Wavelength can be calculated if one is given the propagation


speed (the speed of light) and the period of the signal

Wavelength= propagation speed x period= propagation speed


frequency

we often use wavelength to describe the transmission of light in an optical fiber. The
wavelength is the distance a simple signal can travel in one period
THE TIME-
DOMAIN
AND
FREQUENC
Y- D O M A I N
PLOTS OF A
S I N E WAV E

A complete sine wave in the time domain can be represented by one single spike in the frequency

domain.
Which is more convenient to represent sine wave in time domain or frequency
domain ?

The frequency domain is more compact and useful when we are


dealing with more than one sine wave. For example, Figure shows
three sine waves, each with different amplitude and frequency. All
can be represented by three spikes in the frequency domain.
S I G N A L S A N D C O M M U N I C AT I O N
• A single-frequency sine wave is not useful
in data communications
• If the composite signal is periodic, the
• We need to send a composite signal, a signal decomposition gives a series of signals with
made of many simple sine waves. discrete frequencies.
• According to Fourier analysis, any • If the composite signal is nonperiodic, the
composite signal is a combination of simple decomposition gives a combination of sine
sine waves with different frequencies, waves with continuous frequencies.
amplitudes, and phases.
Figure shows a periodic composite signal with frequency f..
Figure shows a nonperiodic composite signal. It can be the signal created by a microphone
or a telephone set when a word or two is pronounced. In this case, the composite signal
cannot be periodic, because that implies that we are repeating the same word or words with
exactly the same tone.
BANDWIDTH
• The bandwidth of a composite signal is the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequencies contained in that signal.

If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum,

assuming all components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.

Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency, and B the bandwidth.
Then

The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700, and
900 Hz
Example
A periodic signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest frequency is 60 Hz. What is the lowest
frequency? Draw the spectrum if the signal contains all frequencies of the same amplitude.

Solution Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency, and B


the bandwidth. Then
Example
A nonperiodic composite signal has a bandwidth of 200 kHz, with a middle frequency of 140 kHz and peak amplitude

of 20 V. The two extreme frequencies have an amplitude of 0. Draw the frequency domain of the signal.

Solution
The lowest frequency must be at 40 kHz and the highest at 240 kHz. Figure shows the
frequency domain and the bandwidth.

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