T-TEST

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TRADITIONAL HYPOTHESIS-TESTING PROCEDURE
STEP 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
Clearly set the null and alternative hypotheses.

STEP 2: Find the critical value(s).

It includes the degree of freedoms (if any),
level of significance, and critical value.

STEP 3: Compute the test value.

A specific formula must be determined for a correct test value.

STEP 4: Make the decision.

State whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis
by comparing the test value to critical value or vice versa.

STEP 5: Summarize the results.

Elaborate the decision parallel to the claim/hypothesis.
 t - Test
Manifestation Tables
Samples: 0 < n ≤ 30 Degrees of
First column:
Freedom
unknown ( σ , s is used)
Tailed Test
dependent to s
Alpha: 0.01 0.05 0.10
Equal and
Measures of Average:
located at the center of df = n - 1
distribution
 t-Tests
Difference of Means

• Independent Samples
(Difference of Unrelated Means)
when n < 30 and must be approximately/normally distributed
sample data are independent of one another
are random samples

• Dependent Samples
(Difference Paired Means)
when < 30, the N approximately/normally distributed
sample data are dependent
are randomly selected
Independent Samples

s :s : sample variances
t : Test Value : number of samples
 The number of grams of carbohydrates contained
in 1-ounce servings of randomly selected chocolate
and nonchocolate candy is listed here. Is there
sufficient evidence to conclude that the difference in
the means is significant?

Chocolate 29 25 17 36 41 25 32 29 38 34 24 27 29

Nonchocolate 41 41 37 29 30 38 39 10 29 55 29

Source: The Doctor’s Pocket Calorie, Fat, and Carbohydrate Counter.

 The number of grams of carbohydrates contained in 1-ounce servings of randomly selected chocolate
and nonchocolate candy is listed here. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the difference in the
means is significant?

Chocolate 29 25 17 36 41 25 32 29 38 34 24 27 29

Nonchocolate 41 41 37 29 30 38 39 10 29 55 29
Source: The Doctor’s Pocket Calorie, Fat, and Carbohydrate Counter.

STEP 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Ho: = and H1 : ≠ (claim)
Ho: There is no significant difference between the two means of randomly selected candies.
H1: There is a significant difference between the two means of randomly selected candies..

STEP 2: Find the critical value(s). df = least n -1

α = 0.05 test: 2-tailed df = 10 t = ± 2.228 (CV)
2-tailed : the hypotheses suggests a non-directional position
Degrees of Freedom: df = 11 – 1 (at nonchocolate row)
CV: t = ± 2.228 use the t-table after computation
 The number of grams of carbohydrates contained in 1-ounce servings of randomly selected chocolate
and nonchocolate candy is listed here. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the difference in the
means is significant?

Chocolate 29 25 17 36 41 25 32 29 38 34 24 27 29 29.6 6.49

Nonchocolate 41 41 37 29 30 38 39 10 29 55 29 34.3 11.2

Source: The Doctor’s Pocket Calorie, Fat, and Carbohydrate Counter.

STEP 3: Compute the test value.

( 𝑿 𝟏 − 𝑿 𝟐 ) − ( 𝝁𝟏 −𝝁𝟐 ) ¿ ( 𝟐𝟗 . 𝟔 −𝟑𝟒 .𝟑 ) − ( 𝟎 −𝟎 )
𝒕= = -1.228

√ √
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 .𝟒𝟗 𝟏𝟏 .𝟐
𝒔 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +
+ 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐
TV = - 1.228
 The number of grams of carbohydrates contained in 1-ounce servings of randomly selected chocolate
and nonchocolate candy is listed here. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the difference in the means
is significant ?

Chocolate 29 25 17 36 41 25 32 29 38 34 24 27 29 29.3 6.65

Nonchocolate 41 41 37 29 30 38 39 10 29 55 29 34.3 11.2

Source: The Doctor’s Pocket Calorie, Fat, and Carbohydrate Counter.

STEP 4: Makethe decision.

Since the Test Value (-1.228) is before (greater than) the Critical Value (-2.228), then the
decision is to accept the Ho.
Ho: There is no significant difference between the two means of randomly selected candies.
H1: There is a significant difference between the two means of randomly selected candies.

STEP 5: Summarize the results.

There is insufficient evidence to conclude that the difference in the means is significant.
The Ho was accepted, which means that there is no significant difference between the
number of grams of carbohydrates contained in 1-ounce servings of randomly selected
chocolate and nonchocolate candy.
-2.228 RHO 0 RHO +2.228
-1.228
 The average size of a farm in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, is
191 acres. The average size of a farm in Greene County,
Pennsylvania, is 199 acres. Assume the data were obtained from
two samples with standard deviations of 38 and 12 acres,
respectively, and sample sizes of 8 and 10, respectively. Can it be
concluded at a = 0.05 that the average size of the farms in the two
counties is different? Assume the populations are normally
distributed.
Source: Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.
2.The average size of a farm in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, is 191 acres. The average
size of a farm in Greene County, Pennsylvania, is 199 acres. Assume the data were
obtained from two samples with standard deviations of 38 and 12 acres, respectively, and
sample sizes of 8 and 10, respectively.
Can it be concluded at a = 0.05 that the average size of the farms in the two counties
is different?
Source: Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.

STEP 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Ho: = and H1 : ≠ (claim)
Ho: There is no significant difference between the average sizes of the farms in the two counties.
H1: There is a significant difference between the average sizes of the farms in the two counties.

STEP 2: Find the critical value(s). df = least n -1

α = 0.05 test: 2-tailed df = 7 t = ± 2.365 (CV)
2-tailed : the hypotheses suggests a non-directional position
Degrees of Freedom: df = 8 – 1 (at Indiana)
CV: t = ± 2.365 use the t-table after computation
2.The average size of a farm in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, is 191 acres. The average
size of a farm in Greene County, Pennsylvania, is 199 acres. Assume the data were
obtained from two samples with standard deviations of 38 and 12 acres, respectively, and
sample sizes of 8 and 10, respectively.
Can it be concluded at a = 0.05 that the average size of the farms in the two counties
is different?
Source: Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.

STEP 3: Compute the test value. TV = - 0. 573

STEP 4: Make the decision.
Since the Test Value (-0.573) is before (greater than) the Critical Value (-
2.365), then the decision is to accept the Ho.
-3 . -2 -1 . 0 1 2 . 3
Ho: There is no significant difference between the average sizes of the farms in the two counties.
H1: There is a significant difference between the average sizes of the farms in the two counties.

STEP 5: Summarize the results.

Therefore, it can not be concluded that the average size of
the farms in the two counties is different.
 SUMMARY OF RESULT
1st Statement: The comparison between TEST VALUE and CRITICAL VALUE
Since the TV > CV at significance level (a = ?) with degrees of freedom (df = ?), then Ho must be
accepted/rejected.

2nd Statement: The statement of hypothesis based on Step 4

AHo: There is no significant difference between the comparative variables
RHo: There is a significant difference between the comparative variables

3rd Statement: Claim (Can it be concluded at a = 0.05 that the average size of the farms in the two
counties is different)
AHo: It cannot be concluded at a = 0.05 that the average size of the farms in the two counties is different
RHo: It can be concluded at a = 0.05 that the average size of the farms in the two counties is different
The number of points held by a sample of the
NBA’s highest scorers for both the Eastern
Conference and the Western Conference is shown
below. Can it be concluded that there is a
difference in means based on these data?
Dependent Samples

: : expected mean difference

t : Test Value n : number of samples
 A sample of nine local banks shows their deposits (in
billions of dollars) 3 years ago and their deposits (in billions of dollars)

today. At a = 0.05, can it be concluded that the

average in deposits for the banks is greater today
than it was 3 years ago?

BANK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3 years ago 11.42 8.41 3.98 7.37 2.28 1.10 1.00 0.90 1.35

Today 16.69 9.44 6.53 5.58 2.92 1.88 1.78 1.5 1.22

Source: SNL Financial.

 A sample of nine local banks shows their deposits (in billions of dollars) 3 years ago and their
deposits (in billions of dollars) today. At a = 0.05, can it be concluded that the average in deposits for
the banks is greater today than it was 3 years ago?
Source: SNL Financial.
BANK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 years ago 11.42 8.41 3.98 7.37 2.28 1.10 1.00 0.90 1.35
Today 16.69 9.44 6.53 5.58 2.92 1.88 1.78 1.5 1.22

STEP 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Ho: = 0 H1: > 0 (claim)
Ho: There is no significant difference between the two means of bank deposits being compared.
H1: There is a significant difference between the two means of bank deposits being compared.

STEP 2: Find the critical value(s). df = n - 1

α = 0.05 test: 1-tailed df = 8 t = -1.860 (CV)
1-tailed : the hypotheses suggests a directional position
CV: t = 1.860 use the t-table after computation
 A sample of nine local banks shows their deposits (in billions of dollars) 3 years ago and their
deposits (in billions of dollars) today. At a = 0.05, can it be concluded that the average in deposits for
the banks is greater today than it was 3 years ago?
Source: SNL Financial.
BANK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 years ago 11.42 8.41 3.98 7.37 2.28 1.10 1.00 0.90 1.35
Today 16.69 9.44 6.53 5.58 2.92 1.88 1.78 1.5 1.22
-9.73
D -5.27 -1.03 -2.55 1.79 -0.64 -0.78 -0.78 -0.60 0.13
40.6958
27.7729 1.0609 6.5025 3.2041 0.4096 0.6084 0.6084 0.3600 0.1690

STEP 3: Compute the test value.

∑ 𝑫 −𝝁 ¿
− 𝟗 . 𝟕𝟑
𝟗
−𝟎
¿ −𝟏 . 𝟔𝟔𝟗
√
𝑫
𝒏
𝟐
(𝟗 ∙ 𝟒𝟎 . 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟖)− (− 𝟗. 𝟕𝟑)
𝒕= 𝟗 ( 𝟗− 𝟏 )

√𝒏 ∑ 𝑫 −¿¿¿¿¿¿
𝟐 𝟗
 A sample of nine local banks shows their deposits (in billions of dollars) 3 years ago and their
deposits (in billions of dollars) today. At a = 0.05, can it be concluded that the average in deposits for the
banks is greater today than it was 3 years ago?
Source: SNL Financial.
BANK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 years ago 11.42 8.41 3.98 7.37 2.28 1.10 1.00 0.90 1.35
Today 16.69 9.44 6.53 5.58 2.92 1.88 1.78 1.5 1.22

STEP 4: Make the decision.

Since the Test Value (-1.669) is
greater than the Critical Value (-1.860),
then the decision is to accept the Ho.
CV= -1.8TV= -1.6-1.5 -1 0
STEP 5: Summarize the results.
There is no enough evidence to show that the deposits have
increased over the last 3 years. Ho is accepted. Therefore, it can not be concluded that the average
in deposits for the banks is greater today than it was 3 years ago.
 A dietitian wishes to see if a person’s cholesterol
level will change if the diet is supplemented by a
certain mineral. Six subjects were pretested, and then
they took the mineral supplement for a 6-week
period. The results are shown in the table. (Cholesterol level is
measured in milligrams per deciliter.) Can it be concluded that the
cholesterol level has been changed at a = 0.10?
Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6
Before (X1) 210 235 208 190 172 244
After (X2) 190 170 210 188 173 228
Source: Elementary Statistics 8th Edition
1. A dietitian wishes to see if a person’s cholesterol level will change if
the diet is supplemented by a certain mineral. Six subjects were
pretested, and then they took the mineral supplement for a 6-week
period. The results are shown in the table. (Cholesterol level is measured in milligrams per deciliter.)
Can it be concluded that the cholesterol level has been changed at
a = 0.10? Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6
Before 210 235 208 190 172 244
After 190 170 210 188 173 228
Source: Elementary Statistics 8th Edition

STEP 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.

Ho: = 0 and H1: ≠ (claim)
Ho: There is no significant difference between the cholesterol level before and after the diet.
H1: There is a significant difference between the cholesterol level before and after the diet.

STEP 2: Find the critical value(s). df = n -1

α = 0.10 test: 2-tailed df = 5 t = ± 2.015 (CV)
2-tailed : the hypotheses suggests a non-directional position
Degrees of Freedom: df = 6 – 1
CV: t = ± 2.015 use the t-table after computation
1. A dietitian wishes to see if a person’s cholesterol level will change if
the diet is supplemented by a certain mineral. Six subjects were
pretested, and then they took the mineral supplement for a 6-week
period. The results are shown in the table. (Cholesterol level is measured in milligrams per deciliter.)
Can it be concluded that the cholesterol level has been changed at
a = 0.10? Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6
Before 210 235 208 190 172 244
After 190 170 210 188 173 228
D 20 + 65 - 2 + 2 -1 + 16 = : 100
D² 400 + 4225 + 4 + 4 + 1 + 256 = : 4,890
Source: Elementary Statistics 8th Edition

STEP 3: Compute the test value. TV = 1.607

STEP 4: Make the decision.
Since the Test Value (1.607) is less than the Critical Value (2.015),
then the decision is to accept the Ho.
-CV = -2.015 0 TV = 1.607 +CV = 2.015
STEP 5: Summarize the results.
Therefore, it can not be concluded that the level of cholesterol has been changed after
the diet.
 As a researcher for the EPA, you have been
asked to determine if the air quality in the United
States has changed over the past 2 years. You
select a random sample of 10 metropolitan areas
and find the number of days each year that the
areas failed to meet acceptable air quality
standards. The data are shown.

Year 1: 18 125 9 22 138 29 1 19 17 31

Year 2: 24 152 13 21 152 23 6 31 34 20
Source: The World Almanac and Book of Facts.