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    Transformer Energisation

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    gyan
    This document discusses transformer inrush current, which is a transient phenomenon that causes current to increase 4-40 times the nominal level when a transformer is energized. It is caused by the transformer core reaching saturation due to residual flux from the previous de-energization. Factors that affect the inrush current include the switching angle, residual flux density, series resistance, and load conditions. While not typically dangerous, inrush current can cause unnecessary operation of protective relays if not mitigated using methods like closing resistors, controlled closing, or harmonic restraint in relays.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Transformer Energisation

    Uploaded by

    gyan
    135 views14 pages
    This document discusses transformer inrush current, which is a transient phenomenon that causes current to increase 4-40 times the nominal level when a transformer is energized. It is caused by the transformer core reaching saturation due to residual flux from the previous de-energization. Factors that affect the inrush current include the switching angle, residual flux density, series resistance, and load conditions. While not typically dangerous, inrush current can cause unnecessary operation of protective relays if not mitigated using methods like closing resistors, controlled closing, or harmonic restraint in relays.

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    Transformer energisation

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    This document discusses transformer inrush current, which is a transient phenomenon that causes current to increase 4-40 times the nominal level when a transformer is energized. It is caused by the transformer core reaching saturation due to residual flux from the previous de-energization. Factors that affect the inrush current include the switching angle, residual flux density, series resistance, and load conditions. While not typically dangerous, inrush current can cause unnecessary operation of protective relays if not mitigated using methods like closing resistors, controlled closing, or harmonic restraint in relays.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    135 views14 pages

    Transformer Energisation

    Uploaded by

    gyan
    This document discusses transformer inrush current, which is a transient phenomenon that causes current to increase 4-40 times the nominal level when a transformer is energized. It is caused by the transformer core reaching saturation due to residual flux from the previous de-energization. Factors that affect the inrush current include the switching angle, residual flux density, series resistance, and load conditions. While not typically dangerous, inrush current can cause unnecessary operation of protective relays if not mitigated using methods like closing resistors, controlled closing, or harmonic restraint in relays.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    TRANSFORMER

    INRUSH CURRENT
    BY: GYANESHWAR KUMAR
    CONTENTS
    Some Pre-requisites
    Transformer Inrush current/Transformer Energization
    What causes it?
    What affects it?
    What it affects?
    Sympathetic Inrush
    Mitigation Measures
    Conclusion
    Bibliography
    TRANSFORMER BASICS
    Ep

    Ip

    Iw
    Io

    Im øm

    Is

    Es
    Transformer Magnetism
    Some useful equations :

    m =BmA
    H= Magnetising force = Magnetising
    current (Im) x number of runs
    WHAT IS TRANSFORMER INRUSH
    CURRENT
     A transient phenomenon which leads to increase in current when a transformer is switched
    on/energized.
    It typically has a value of 4-40 times the nominal current.
    It typically lasts for few cycles (4 to 16) cycles depending on the circuit time constant.
    It is rich in 2nd and 3rd order harmonics.
    PEAKY MAGNETISING CURRENT
    Expected magnetising current
    Ep

    Ip

    Iw
    Io

    Im øm

    Is

    Es
    TRANSFORMER INRUSH CURRENT
    At t=0+

    Switch
    MAXIMUM INRUSH CASE
    FACTORS AFFECTING INRUSH
    CURRENT
    1. Switching on angle
    • Inrush current decreases when switching-on angle (on the voltage wave) increases. It is maximum for α=0° and minimum
    for α=90°.
    • If a transformer is switched exactly at an instant of a voltage wave which corresponds to the actual flux density in the
    core at that instant, there would be no transient.

    2. Residual flux density


    • Inrush current is significantly aggravated by residual flux density, which depends upon core material characteristics and
    the power factor of the load at interruption when a transformer was switched off.
    • No-load, lagging PF load and unity Power factor load at the time of interruption will result in maximum value of residual
    flux density. Leading load at the time of interruption results in lower value of residual flux density.
    • Residual flux density also depends on the core material.

    3. Series Resistance
    • Due to the damping effect, series resistance between the transformer and source not only reduces the maximum initial
    inrush current but also hastens its decay rate.

    4. Inrush under load


    • If a transformer is switched on with load, the inrush peaks are affected to some extent by the load power factor.
    • Higher secondary current at unity power factor reduces the peak inrush current.
    SYMPATHETIC INRUSH
    Transformer already energized.

    Resistance

    Transformer being energized.

    • The DC component of inrush current of the transformer being energized flows through the transmission line
    resistance (between source and transformer) producing a DC voltage drop across it.

    • The DC voltage drop forces the already energized transformer towards/into saturation in opposite direction of the
    transformer which is being switched on, resulting in a build-up of magnetizing current in the already energized
    transformer.

    • The rate of build-up is same as the rate at which DC component of magnetizing current is decreasing in the
    transformer being switched on.
    SYMPATHETIC INRUSH
    Transformer already energized.

    Resistance

    Transformer being energized.

    • When the two parallel transformers are similar and magnitudes of DC components of currents in both the
    transformers become equal, there is no DC component in the line feeding both the transformers.

    • However, there is a DC component circulating in the loop circuit between them, whose rate of decay is very slow
    due to high inductance and small resistance of windings of the two transformers.
    MITIGATION OF INRUSH CURRENT
    1. Closing Resistors
    • The rated voltage is applied through a large resistor so that the voltage at the transformer terminals is
    lower than the rated value.
    • The resistor is subsequently by-passed to apply full voltage to the transformer.
    2. Controlled Closing methods
    • Each winding is closed when the prospective and dynamic (transient) core fluxes are equal resulting in an
    optimal energization without core saturation or inrush transients.
    3. Harmonic restraint to avoid unnecessary relay operation.
    CONCLUSION
    • Inrush currents are generally less than the peak short circuit current.
    • Since the transformers are designed to withstand mechanical effects of short circuit forces, inrush currents
    may not be considered to be dangerous.
    • However, they may unnecessarily cause operation of protective equipment like relays and fuses.
    • Hence, proper relay coordination and mitigation measures, as required, shall be implemented.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    1. Transformer Engineering _ Design and Practice - S.V Kulkarni.
    2. Practical Experience in Setting Transformer Differential Inrush Restraint – Rich Hunt & GE
    Multilin.
    3. Various internet sources and IEEE Papers.

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