Chapter 6

Wireless
Networks
and
Mobile IP
.

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 Chapter6: Outline

6.1 WIRLESS LANS

6.2 OTHER WIRELESS NETWORKS

6.3 MOBILE IP

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 Chapter 6: Objective

 We introduce wired LANs, using IEEE project 802.11, the

dominant standard. Next, we cover the Bluetooth LANs that are
used as stand-alone LANs with many applications. We also
discuss WiMAX technology, which is the counterpart of last-
mile wired networks such as DSL or cable.

 We then discuss other wireless networks that can be categorized

as wireless WANs or wireless broadband networks. For this
purpose, we first discuss the channelization access method that
is used in cellular telephones.

 We finally talk about mobile IP, which provides mobile access to

the Internet. Our discussion include addressing, a big issue in
mobile networking, and three phases of mobile access.
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 6-1 WIRELESS LANS

Wireless communication is one of the fastest-

growing technologies. The demand for
connecting devices without the use of cables is
increasing everywhere. Wireless LANs can be
found on college campuses, in office
buildings, and in many public areas.

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 6.1.1 Introduction

Before we discuss a specific protocol related to

wireless LANs, let us talk about them in general.

 Architectural Comparison
 Medium
 Hosts
 Isolated LANs
 Connection to Other Networks
 Moving between Environments

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 6.1.1 (continued)

 Characteristics
 Attenuation
 Interference
 Multipath Propagation
 Error
 Access Control

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 Figure 6.1: Isolated LANs: wired versus wireless

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 Figure 6.2: Connection of a wired LAN and a wireless LAN to other
networks

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 Figure 6.3: Hidden station problem

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 6.1.2 IEEE 802.11 Project

IEEE has defined the specifications for a wireless

LAN, called IEEE 802.11, which covers the physical
and data-link layers. In some countries, including
the United States, the public uses the term WiFi
(short for wireless fidelity) as a synonym for wireless
LAN. WiFi, however, is a wireless LAN that is
certified by the WiFi Alliance, a global, nonprofit
industry association of more than 300 member
companies devoted to promoting the growth of
wireless LANs.

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 6.1.2 (continued)

 Architecture
 Basic Service Set
 Extended Service Set
 Station Types

 MAC Sublayer
 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
 Point Coordination Function (PCF)
 Fragmentation
 Frame Format
 Frame Types
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 6.1.2 (continued)

 Addressing Mechanism
 Exposed Station Problem
 Physical Layer
 IEEE 802.11 FHSS
 IEEE 802.11 DSSS
 IEEE 802.11 Infrared
 IEEE 802.11a OFDM
 IEEE 802.11b DSSS
 IEEE 802.11g
 IEEE 802.11n
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 Figure 6.4: Basic service sets (BSSs)

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 Figure 6.5: Extended service set (ESS)

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 Figure 6.6: MAC layers in IEEE 802.11 standard

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 Figure 6.7: Flow diagram of CSMA/CA

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 Figure 6.8: Contention window

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 Figure 6.9: CSMA/CA and NAV

NAV

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 Figure 6.10: Example of repetition interval

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 Figure 6.11: Frame format

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 Table 6.1: Subfields in FC field

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 Figure 6.12: Control frames

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 Table 6.2: Values of subfields in control frames

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 Table 6.3: Addresses

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 Figure 6.13: Addressing mechanisms

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 Figure 6.14: Exposed station problem

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 Table 6.4: Specifications

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 Figure 6.15: Physical layer of IEEE 802.11 FHSS

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 Figure 6.16: Physical layer of IEEE 802.11 DSSS

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 Figure 6.17: Physical layer of IEEE 802.11 infrared

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 Figure 6.18: Physical layer of IEEE 802.11b

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 6.1.3 Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless LAN technology designed to

connect devices of different functions such as
telephones, notebooks, computers (desktop and
laptop), cameras, printers, and even coffee makers
when they are at a short distance from each other. A
Bluetooth LAN is an ad hoc network, which means
that the network is formed spontaneously; the
devices, sometimes called gadgets, find each other
and make a network called a piconet.

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 6.1.3 (continued)

 Architecture
 Piconets
 Scatternet
 Bluetooth Devices

 Bluetooth Layers
 L2CAP
 Baseband Layer
 Radio Layer

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 Figure 6.19: Piconet

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 Figure 6.20: Scatternet

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 Figure 6.21: Bluetooth layers

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 Figure 6.22: L2CAP data packet format

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 Figure 6.23: Single-secondary communication

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 Figure 6.24: Multiple-secondary communication

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 Figure 6.25: Frame format types

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 6.1.4 WiMax

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

(WiMAX) is an IEEE standard 802.16 (for fixed
wireless) and 802.16e (for mobile wireless) that aims
to provide the “last mile” broadband wireless access
alternative to cable modem, telephone DSL service..

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 6.1.4 (continued)

 Architecture
 Base Station
 Subscriber Stations
 Portable Unit

 Data-Link Layer

 Physical Layer

 Application

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 6-2 OTHER WIRELESS NETWORKS

In this section, we concentrate on other wireless

networks. We first discuss cellular
telephony, which is ubiquitous. We then talk about
satellite networks. Before we discuss
the above-mentioned wireless networks, let us
discuss one access method that we postponed from
Chapter 5: channelization, which is used in
cellular and other wireless networks.

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 6.2.1 Channelization

Channelization (or channel partition, as it is

sometime called) is a multiple-access method in
which the available bandwidth of a link is
shared in time, frequency, or through code,
between different stations. In this section, we
discuss three channelization protocols: FDMA,
TDMA, and CDMA.

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 6.2.1 (continued)

 Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

 Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA))
 Analogy
 Idea
 Chips
 Data Representation
 Encoding and Decoding
 Signal Level
 Sequence Generation
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 Figure 6.26: Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)

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 Figure 6.27: Time-division multiple access (TDMA)

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 Figure 6.28: Simple idea of communication with code

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 Figure 6.29: Chip sequences

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 Figure 6.30: Data representation in CDMA

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 Figure 6.31: Sharing channel in CDMA

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 Figure 6.32: Digital signal created by four stations in CDMA

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 Figure 6.33: Decoding of the composite signal for one in CDMA

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 Figure 6.34: General rules and examples of creating Walsh tables

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Example 6.1
Find the chips for a network with
a. Two stations
b. Four stations

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Example 6.2
What is the number of sequences if we have 90 stations in
our network?

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Example 6.3
Prove that a receiving station can get the data sent by a
specific sender if it multiplies the entire data on the channel
by the sender’s chip code and then divides it by the number
of stations.

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 6.2.2 Cellular Telephony

Cellular telephony is designed to provide

communications between two moving units, called
mobile stations (MSs), or between one mobile unit
and one stationary unit, often called a land unit.
A service provider must be able to locate and
track a caller, assign a channel to the call, and
transfer the channel from base station to base
station as the caller moves out of range.

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 6.2.2 (continued)

 Frequency-Reuse Principle
 Transmitting
 Receiving
 Handoff
 Roaming
 First Generation (1G)
 AMPS

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 6.2.2 (continued)

 Second Generation (2G)

 D-AMPS
 GSM
 IS-95
 Third Generation (3G)
 IMT-2000 Radio Interface
 Fourth Generation (4G)
 Access Scheme
 Modulation
 Radio System
 Antenna
 Applications
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 Figure 6.35: Cellular system

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 Figure 6.36: Frequency reuse patterns

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 Figure 6.37: Cellular bands for AMPS

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 Figure 6.38: AMPS reverse communication band

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 Figure 6.39: D-AMPS

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 Figure 6.40: GSM bands

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 Figure 6.41: GSM

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 Figure 6.42: Multiframe components

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 Figure 6.43: IS-95 forward transmission

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 Figure 6.44: S-95 reverse transmission

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 Figure 6.45: IMT-2000 radio interfaces

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 6.2.3 Satellite Networks

A satellite network is a combination of nodes,

some of which are satellites, that provides
communication from one point on the Earth to
another. A node in the network can be a satellite,
an Earth station, or an end-user terminal or
telephone.

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 6.2.3 (continued)

 Orbits
 Footprint
 Three Categories of Satellites
 Frequency Bands for Satellite Communication

 GEO Satellites
 MEO Satellites
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 LEO Satellites
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 Figure 6.46: Satellite orbits

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Example 6.4
What is the period of the moon, according to Kepler’s law?

Here C is a constant approximately equal to 1/100. The

period is in seconds and the distance in kilometers.

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Example 6.5
According to Kepler’s law, what is the period of a satellite
that is located at an orbit approximately 35,786 km above
the Earth?

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 Figure 6.47: Satellite orbit altitudes

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 Table 6.5: Satellite frequency bands

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 Figure 6.48: Satellites in geostationary orbit

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 Figure 6.49: Orbits for global positioning system (GPS) satellites

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 Figure 6.50: Trilateration on a plane

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 Figure 6.51: LEO satellite system

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 6-3 MOBILE IP

As mobile and personal computers such as

notebooks become increasingly popular, we
need to think about mobile IP, the extension of
IP protocol that allows mobile computers to be
connected to the Internet at any location where
the connection is possible. In this section, we
discuss this issue.

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 6.3.1 Addressing

The main problem that must be solved in

providing mobile communication using the IP
protocol is addressing.

 Stationary Hosts
 Mobile Hosts
 Changing the Address
 Two Addresses

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 Figure 6.52: Home address and care-of address

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 6.3.2 Agents

To make the change of address transparent to the

rest of the Internet requires a home agent and a
foreign agent. Figure 6.53 shows the position of a
home agent relative to the home network and a
foreign agent relative to the foreign network.

 Home Agent

 Foreign Agent

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 Figure 6.53: Home agent and foreign agent

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 6.3.3 Three Phases

To communicate with a remote host, a mobile

host goes through three phases: agent discovery,
registration, and data transfer, as shown in
Figure 6.54.

 Agent Discovery
 Agent Advertisement
 Agent Solicitation

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 6.3.3 (continued)

 Registration
 Request and Reply
 Encapsulation

 Data Transfer
 From Remote Host to Home Agent
 From Home Agent to Foreign Agent
 From Foreign Agent to Mobile Host
 From Mobile Host to Remote Host
 Transparency

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 Figure 6.54: Remote host and mobile host communication

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 Figure 6.55: Agent advertisement

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 Table 6.6: Code Bits

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 Figure 6.56: Registration request format

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 Table 6.7: Registration request flag field bits

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 Figure 6.57: Registration reply format

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 Figure 6.58: Data transfer

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 6.3.4 Inefficiency in Mobile IP

Communication involving mobile IP can be

inefficient. The inefficiency can be severe or
moderate. The severe case is called double
crossing or 2X. The moderate case is called
triangle routing or dog-leg routing.
 Double Crossing
 Triangle Routing
 Solution

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 Figure 6.59: Double crossing

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 Figure 6.60: Triangle routing

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Chapter 6: Summary

 Wireless LANs became formalized with the IEEE 802.11

standard, which defines two services: basic service set (BSS) and
extended service set (ESS). The access method used in the
distributed coordination function (DCF) MAC sublayer is
CSMA/CA. The access method used in the point coordination
function (PCF) MAC sublayer is polling.

 Bluetooth is a wireless LAN technology that connects devices

(called gadgets) in a small area. A Bluetooth network is called a
piconet.

 WiMAX is a wireless access network that may replace DSL and

cable in the future.

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Chapter 6: Summary (continued)

 Cellular telephony provides communication between two

devices. One or both may be mobile. A cellular service area is
divided into cells. Cellular telephony has gone through four
generations.

 A satellite network uses satellites to provide communication

between any points on Earth. We have discussed several
systems: including GEO, MEO, and LEO.

 Mobile IP is an enhanced version of the Internetworking

Protocol (IP). A mobile host has a home address on its home
network and a care-of address on its foreign network. When the
mobile host is on a foreign network, a home agent relays
messages (for the mobile host) to a foreign agent. A foreign
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agent sends relayed messages
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