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Reaction Rate .2

The intermediates in this reaction are: I- The overall reaction is: I2 + H2 → 2HI

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59 views35 pages

Reaction Rate .2

The intermediates in this reaction are: I- The overall reaction is: I2 + H2 → 2HI

Uploaded by

Closu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REACTION RATES

Chapter .17
Objectives .
1. Define rate Law .
2. Define order of reaction.
3. Calculate the order of the reaction by comparing
concentration of substances with rate of Reaction .
4.Write a rate law using experimental rate-versus-
concentration data from a chemical reaction.
Rate Law .
•The rate law describes the way in which
reactant concentration affects reaction rate.

• A rate law is the expression that shows how


the rate of formation of product depends on
the concentration of all species other than
the solvent that take part in a reaction.

•A rate law may be simple or very


complicated.
Importance of Rate Law

•By studying rate laws, chemists learn how a


reaction takes place and can often make an
informed guess about how atoms move in
rearranging themselves from reactants into
products.
•For a reaction that involves a single reactant, the rate is
often proportional to the concentration of the reactant raised
to some power.
2A B+C
• Rate = K [ A] X

if the conc A is double rate will increase by factor 4

rate = k[reactant]n
•The exponent, n, is called the order of the reaction.
• It can be a whole number, a fraction, or zero.

•The term k is the rate constant, a proportionality constant


Rate Constant K
1. Temperature changes
2. not fixed Units depends on rate law (order )
3. Constant for one type of reaction ( temp
Constant) . It does not change time .
4. K increases with catalyst
Factors affecting the rate of chemical Reaction .
1. Nature of Reactant : ( Fix)
some reactant very reactive gold platinum
Group 1 Reactive Mg
K +O2 K2O oil paraffin
Group -18 ( non metal )non reactive He Ne Ar Kr

2. Temperature Rate proportional T


Collision among molecule (Meat ) Coal +O2
3. Concentration R proportional C
A+B C+D
4. Surface Area : Liquid Gas solid surface is
involved S proportional R
Catalyst : (Enzyme) increase
Reaction pathway change it follow another
pathway which corresponds to lower
activation . Over all chemical reaction remain
same Energy of Reaction remain same.
Activation Energy ,Activated complex .
Lactase intolerance . Lactase Lactose
( Milk )
Inhibitor : (preservative ) slow down of
Reaction .
Sugar
Catalyst.
1. Homogenous Catalyst:
CH4(g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
Reactant & Product & Catalyst
Ni(s)
N2 (g)+ 3H2(g) 2NH3 (g)
(ammonia)
Which is better to use
Heterogeneous Catalytic Convert.
sensor Pt /Pd
C8 H18 + O2 CO2 + H2O
Pt / Fe /Ni
2CO +O2 2CO2
Rate Laws for Several Reactants

•When a reaction has more than one reactant, a term


in the rate law corresponds to each.

2Br−(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)  Br2(aq) +


4H2O(l)

•There is an order associated with each term:

rate = k[Br−]n [H2O2]n [H3O+]n


1 2 3

= n1+n2+n3
11/13/22
3NO N2O + NO2
rate = [ NO]3
If concentration of NO is doubled then rate

[3]3
Determining a Rate Law
2HI(g) → H2(g) + I2(g)

Determine the Rate Law .


R = K [ HI] 2

22 = 4
R2 /R1

Factor of concentration factor of rate


2 1.5 = 2.8

R= K [ F2] 1[ClO2]1
K = 0.11 M/s / M x M 2..2x10-3/[0.2] [0.1] =

= 1 / Mxs
R = K [HI]x K = R /[HI]1

C2/C1 R2/R1 =4.4x10 -3 M/s/[0.030 M]1

0.045 /0.030 9.9 x10-3/4.4x10-3 = 0.15 1/s or 0.15 s -1

1.5 0 = 0.5
(a). R = K [ A]1 [B]2

(b.)
K = R / [A] [B]2

= 0.025 1 M / M .M2min

(c) R = 0.025 [ 0.30] [0.30]2

= 6.75 x10-4 M/min


1 2
(a) R = K [ A] [B]

(b) K = R /[A][B]2

= 2
0.025 M/ M. M min
-4
(c ) 6.75 x10 M/min
(d) .

F . Order of reaction = 1+2 =3


R = K [ O2]x [NO]y
Order for O2
C2/C1 R2/R1
Trial 1&2
21 = 2

Order NO
C2 /C1 R2/R1
Trial 1&3 only because [O2]
is constant
2.80x10-3/1.40x10-3 1.32 x10-2/3.30 x10-3
2 4
R = K [O2]1[NO]2
22 = 4
ACTIVATION ENERGY
.

•The minimum energy that two colliding


particles need to have before a chemical
change is possible is called the of the
activation energy, Ea, of the reaction.
•No reaction is possible if the colliding pair
has less energy than Ea.
• Burning Exothermic H2 + O2 H2O
• HI H2 + I2
• Melting Endothermic need continuous E
Not All Collisions Result in Reaction.
No Reaction if
1. Collision is too gentle to produce energy greater
activation energy .

2. Collision is not in correct orientation.


Objective .

Identify the given graph as exothermic or


endothermic reaction graph .

Calculate the energy of reaction from the given


graph for forward & reverse Reaction .

Calculate Activation energy from the given


graph for forward & reverse Reaction .
Similiarities & Differences b/w Inttermediate &
Activated Complex

1. Unstable transition state not part of over all


equation
Diff

Energy . A.C Highest E


H2
H
HI HBr
2HI  H 2I 2  H2 + I2
initial state activated complex final state
(reactants) (products)
• E of Reactant (left) greater E P ( Right ) = exo
Calculate the energy of reaction for forward and Reverse
Reaction .

E Reaction f = E P – ER
= 50 – 150 = -100 Exo

E Reaction R = Ep - ER
= 150 - 50 = 100 Endo
Constant
Calculate the Activation energy for forward & Reverse Reaction

E a = E activated complex – E reactant

= 400 – 100 = 300 KJ for the forward Reaction .

Ea’ = E Activated Complex - E R


= 400 - 300 = 100 KJ
Q.2 Draw and Label an energy diagram for a
reaction in which Ea = 125KJ /mol and Ea’ = 86
KJ/mol . Place the reactants at energy level Zero

ER = 0 EA = 125 KJ/mol EP = 39KJ/mol


Ea = EA- ER
125 = EA -0 = 125 KJ/mol

Ea’ = EA – ER(p) Ea- Ea’ = 39


86 = 125 – ER(p) E =39
86-125 = -ER The difference of activation
39 = ER energy for forward and reverse
reaction is equal to energy of
Activated Complex .
A molecule which has greater energy than reactant
and product and produced & consumed during
reaction .

ER =0 EA 40 KJ/mol Ep = -10 KJ/mol

Ea = EA - ER
40 = EA - (-10) = 40-10 = 30

E = EP – ER
-10 = EP – 0
Q.3 Draw and Label an energy diagram for a reaction in which
Ea =154 KJ/mol and E = 136 KJ/mol.

ER = 0 EA

Ea = EA – ER

Ea = 154

E = Ep - Er
136= Ep – 0
EP = 136
Reaction Mechanism
•The reaction mechanism is the way in which a chemical
reaction takes place.
•C + O2 CO 2 1 step
•Reactant product
• A reaction mechanism is expressed by a series of
chemical equations.

• 1. 2 C + O2 2CO P

• 2. 2CO + O2 2 CO2 P
• 2C + 2O2 2 CO2 over all equation
?

Rate-Determining Step Controls Reaction Rate


HBr HOBr OH-

• These four steps add up to the overall reaction :

Slow

2Br- + 2 H3O+ H2O2 4 H2O + Br2 over all equation


Intermediate;
Substances formed and consumed during the
reaction.

HBr , HOBr , OH- are intermediate .


Find Intermediate & write net equation .
Homogenous Reaction

Step .1 I2 (g) 2I- (g)


Step.2 2I- (g) + H2 (g) 2HI (g)
Equation I2 + H2 2HI

S ,L,G

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