SAMPLING THEORY

DATE – 25/05/2022
Name- RITAM DAS
Sem- 4th
Roll - 6049
In a statistical investigation the interest lines in some characteristics
relating to a group of individuals and
such a group under study is referred to as the population or universe.
The members of a population may be the employees of an industry.
The selected part which is used to define the
characteristic of a population is called sample i.e. a part of the
population which is meant to represent the whole population is
called a sample and its selection is termed as sampling.
Difference between population and sample
DIFFERENT STEPS IN SAMPLE SURVEY
Defining the Purpose
Defining the population
Deciding on the nature of data
Selection of the method of data collection
Selection of sampling unit
Determination of sampling frame
Designing the survey
Training of personnel
 BIASES IN SURVEY
Bias is an effect that that deprives a statistical result of
representativeness by systematically distorting it . It is mainly two
types ,i.e., A) PROCEDURAL BIAS and B) SAMPLING BIAS
 PROCEDURAL BIAS
These arise in a complete census as well as sample survey. There are various
kind of procedural bias, some of them given billow.
Response biases : This types of bias arise form wrong responses of the informants .
Interviewer biases: some answer depends on interviewer’s own beliefs, in that
case this type of biases come.
Non-response biases: When the interviewer can not able or refuses for answer then
this type of biases arise.
Observational bias : Observer bias is another form of information bias caused
by an investigator incorrectly ascertaining or recording data from a participant
in a study.
SAMPLING BIAS
These occur only in sampling. Here the following types may be
recognized ,
Defective sampling method : The investigator use its own judgement or
discretion in selecting the units, and thereby introduced the bias.
Due to substitution : This type of bias came due to the difference in the
characteristics of the substituted and the original members.
Due to faulty demarcation of sampling unit : There will be some bias due
to defective demarcation of sampling units. It will be happen in most area
surveys dealing with border lines.
Wrong selection of statistic : A constant error due to improper selection of
statistic for estimating population parameters. For example, we know that
sampling variance s2 is biased for estimating population variance σ2
where as ns2 /(n-1) is unbiased.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING
RANDOM SAMPLING : If a sample is drown form a given population in such a manner that
each member of the population has a definite preassigned probability of being included in the sample,
this type of sampling called random sampling. Let there are N numbers of element in the population.
When n members of the sample are drown form the population one by one, and after itch drawing the
selected member return to the population then its called simple random sampling with
replacement (SRSWR). In that case total number of possible are N n with the 1/ Nn probability of being
selected.
And when n members of the sample are drown form the population one by one but after itch
drawing the selected members are not return to the population then its called simple random
sampling without replacement (SRSWOR). In that case the total number of possible samples is NCn .
Clearly if we take n members aii a time form population of N members, giving equal
probability to each of the NCn selections, we will still have SRSWOR. It may be seen that the probability
that a specified member is in chosen sample is
1 - ( 1 - 1/N ) n in SRSWR and n/N for SRSWOR.
PRPPOSTIVE SAMPLING
Purposive sampling also known as judgment, selective or
subjective sampling is a sampling technique in which researcher relies on his
or her own judgment when choosing members of population to participate in
the study .
Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method and it
occurrs when elements selected fo the sample are chosen by the judgment of
the researcher. Researchers often believe that they can obtain a representative
sample by using a sound judgment, which will result in saving time and money.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Systematic sampling is an easier procedure than random sampling when
you have a large population and the names of the targeted population are
available. Systematic sampling involves selection of every nth (i.e., 5th)
subject in the population to be in the sample.
Suppose you had a list of 10,000 voters in your school
district and you wished to sample 400 voters to see if they supported
special funding for a new school program. We divide the number in the
population (10,000) by the size of the sample we wish to use (400) and
we get the interval we need to use when selecting subjects (25). In order
to select 400 subjects, we need to select every 25 person on the list.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Stratified random sampling is a type of probability sampling using
which a research organization can branch off the entire
population into multiple non-overlapping, homogeneous groups
(strata) and randomly choose final members from the various
strata for research which reduces cost and improves efficiency.
Members in each of these groups should be distinct so that every
member of all groups get equal opportunity to be selected using
simple probability. This sampling method is also called “random
quota
MULTI – STAGE SAMPLING
Multistage sampling is defined as a method of sampling that
distributes the population into clusters or groups so as to conduct
research. This is a complex form of group sampling, during which the
significant groups from the selected population are divided into
subgroups at different stages. It is primarily to ensure that it is easier to
collect the primary data. Hence, this sampling method is used in a
national survey to gather data from a large population of people
geographically spread across. Multistage sampling is also known as
multistage cluster sampling.
ADVANTAGES OF
SAMPLING
 
• Reduction of cost
• Greater speed in data collect
• Greater scope of coverage
• Greater accuracy
• Greater applicability
 References
Introduction to statistics (9th edition): Prasanta kumar Giri and
Jiban Banerjee
Statistical methods (combined edition): NG Das
Wikipedia
Elements of sampling theory and methods : Z. Govindrajalu,
Prentice Hall
THANK YOU