Aids

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Session- 2017-18

HIV-AIDS
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

Pratiksha Tiwari Mam Jyotsana

Roll no. ………… Herbert


contents
 What is HIV?
 What is AIDS?
 Transmission of HIV infection
 People at high risk of getting
AIDS infection
 Myths about AIDS
 Pathogenesis of AIDS
 How HIV infection spread in the
body?
 Stages of HIV and its symptoms
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
 Prevention
 Conclusion
A :ACQUIRED
I :IMMUNO
D :DEFICIENCY
S :SYNDROME
WHAT IS
HIV?
HUMAN
IT STANDS FOR

IMMUNO
DEFICIENCY VIRUS.
HIV is a virus that attacks the
immune system, which is our body’s
natural defense against illness. The
virus destroys a type of white blood
cell in the immune system called a T-
helper cell, and makes copies of
itself inside these cells. T-helper cells
are also referred to as CD4 cells.
What is AIDS?

AIDS is not a virus but a set of 


symptoms (syndrome) caused by the
HIV virus. A person is said to have AIDS
when their immune system is too weak
to fight off infection, and they develop
certain defining symptoms and illnesses.
This is the last stage of HIV, when the
infection is very advanced, and if left
untreated will lead to death.
TRANSMISSION OF HIV
INFECTIONS
1. Having sexual contact with infected
person-
Unprotected anal and vaginal intercourse
are high-risk activities. In the penis,
vagina and anus, HIV may enter through
cuts and sores or directly through the
mucus membranes.
2. By transfusion of contaminated blood –
Transmission of HIV and other 
blood-borne viruses can occur
during transfusion of blood 
derived from the blood of an
infected individual.
3. By sharing infected needles-
Sharing needles or other materials
used for injecting is considered a
high-risk practice. If a person with
HIV injects with a needle then
shares it with another person,
the second person is at very high
risk for getting HIV.

4. From placenta of infected mother to


her child-
HIV-infected mother can transmit
HIV before or during birth or
through breast milk.
PEOPLE AT HIGH RISK
OF GETTING AIDS
INFECTIONS
 Individuals who have sex with
multiple partners.

 Individuals who have unprotected sex


without the use of condoms.

 Drug addicts who take drugs


intravenously.

 Individuals who require repeated


blood transfusion .

 Children born to an HIV infected


mother.
MYTHS ABOUT AIDS
YOU CAN GET HIV IF YOU HUG
SOMEONE WHO IS INFECTED-
It is not possible to become infected
with HIVfrom everyday casual contact
such as sharing food, shaking hands or
touching the same objects.

MOSQUITOS CAN GIVE YOU HIV-


Insects cannot transmit HIV. When taking
bloodfrom someone mosquitoes do not
inject blood from any previous person.
The only thing that a mosquito injects is
saliva, which is used as a lubricant and
enables it to feed more efficiently.
Pathogenesis of AIDS
HOW HIV INFECTIONS
SPREAD
IN the
After getting into THEbodyBODY ?
of the person, the
virus enters into the macrophages where RNA
genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA
gets with the help of the enzyme reverse
transcriptase .
This viral DNA gets incorporated into host cell’s
DNA and directs the infected cells to produce
virus particles .
The macrophages continue to produce virus and
in this way acts like a HIV factory. Simultaneously,
HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes , replicates
and produce progeny viruses. The progeny
viruses released in the blood attack other helper
T- lymphocytes. This is repeated leading to a
progressive decrease in the number of helper T-
lymphocytes in the body of infected person. Due
to decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes the
person starts suffering infection &becomes so
immuno –deficient that is unable to protect
himself from them.
Stages of HIV & its
symptoms
Stage 1 :
Primary HIV Infection
 This first stage is called acute infection.
 It is often accompanied by short-flu like
illness.
 It typically happens within 2-6 weeks after
being infected.
 During this stage there is large amount of
HIV in the blood and immune system begins
to respond to the virus by producing HIV
antibodies.
Symptoms :
 Extreme weakness and fatigue.
 Headache and fever.
Stage 2 :
Clinically Asymptomatic Stage
 This stage lasts for an average of ten
years.
 During this stage, HIV is slowly killing the
CD4 T-cells and destroying the immune
system.
 Blood tests during this stage can reveal
the number of these CD4 T-cells. For an HIV
infected person, the number of CD4 T-cells
steadily drops.
Symptoms :
No clear symptoms appear.
Stage 3 :
Symptomatic HIV Infections
AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV
infection. When no. of CD4 T-cells drops
below 200,people are diagnosed with AIDS.
Symptoms :
 Being tired all of the time.
 Swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
 Fever lasting for more than 10 days.
 Night sweats.
 Unexplained weight loss.
 Purplish spots on the skin that don’t go
away.
 Shortness of breath.
 Severe , long lasting diarrhea
diagnosis
There are several test performed to diagnose
AIDS-
 ELISA:
It stands for Enzyme linked
immunosorbent Assay.This
test is basically the first one to
detect the presence of HIV
infection. Infection by pathogen
can be detected by the presence
of antigen . If antibodies to HIV
are present and the test is positive,
the test is usually repeated to
confirm the diagnosis.

WESTERN BLOT:
This is a very sensitive blood test
used to confirm a positive ELISA
test result.
 PCR:
It stands for polymerase chain
reaction.It is routinely used to
detect HIV in suspected AIDS
Patients. This test finds either
the RNA of the HIV virus or
the HIV DNA in white blood
cells infected with the virus.

If you receive a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS, several


types of tests can help your doctor determine what
stage of the disease you have. These tests include:
 CD4 COUNT:
CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that's
specifically targeted and destroyed by HIV.
CD4 count vary from 500 to more than 1,000=
healthy person.
CD4 count becomes less than 200 =HIV infection
progresses to AIDS
 VIRAL LOAD:
This test measures the amount of
virus in your blood.

Baby’s investigation of HIV after birth:


Most HIV tests look for antibodies to HIV,
not the virus itself. But these tests aren’t
very useful for babies born to HIV-positive
mothers.
WHY?
That’s because the mother’s
HIV antibodies get into the
baby’s blood during pregnancy.
If the mother is HIV-positive,
the regular HIV test will show
that the baby isHIV-positive,
even when that isn’t true.
treatment
At this time, there is no cure for AIDS, but
medications are effective in fighting HIV and its
complications.
Some of the drugs approved by the FDA for
treating HIV and AIDS are listed below:-

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase


Inhibitors (NRTI)
These drugs interrupt the virus from
duplicating, which may slow the
spread of HIV in the body.

Protease Inhibitors (PI)


These FDA-approved drugs interrupt
Virus replication at a later step in the
virus life cycle.It also disables protease,
another protein that HIV needs to
Make copies of itself.
 Fusion Inhibitors
Fusion inhibitors are the drugs that
act against HIV by preventing the
virus from fusing inside of the cell.

 Highly Active Antiretroviral


Therapy (HAART)
The treatment is highly effective in
slowing the rate at which the HIV
virus replicates itself, which may slow
the spread of HIV in the body.

 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase


Inhibitors (NNRTI)
It blocks the infection of new cells
by HIV.
PREVENTION
Prevention is always better than cure.

Protecting baby from getting HIV:


Mother-to-child transmission of HIV can be
prevented by using antiretroviral drugs, which
reduce the chances of a child becoming
infected with HIV from 20% to less than 5%.

Preventing men and women from


getting HIV:
 Don’t have sex with multiple partners.
 Don’t use alcohol or drugs with sex.
 Use a condom.
 If you inject drugs, use a new sterile needle
each time to significantly reduce the risk of HIV
transmission.
CONCLUSI
ON
Infection with HIV or having AIDS is something
that should not be hidden -since then, the infection
may spread to many more people.
HIV/AIDS-infected people need help and
sympathy instead of being shunned by the society.
Unless society recognizes it as a problem to be dealt
with in a collective manner-the chances of wider
spread of the disease increase manifold . It is a
malady that can only be tackled, by the society and
medical fraternity acting together ,to prevent the
spread of the disease.

IT IS BAD ENOUGH THAT


PEOPLE DIE OF AIDS, BUT
NO ONE SHOULD DIE OF
IGNORANCE

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