Chapter 2:

Review of Related
literature
and studies
PART 1 OF MODULE 04
 2

Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able
to:
1. cite correctly the related literature and
studies using standard citation style; and
2. write the references using standard
referencing style (APA 7th edition).
 RESOURCES
FOR CITATION
AND
REFERENCES
Where to Locate Resources 4

1. Books - At most five years old from the year

of publication with the exception of well-cited
references on educational theories, principles, and
methods.
2. Journals – At most ten years old from the year
of publication and must come from a legitimate
source.
3. Online resources – the following resource
mining websites/software could be used:
Elsevier (journals.elsevier.com)
 5

guide to Citation
styles: Choosing a
style and citing
correctly
 6

CITATION STYLE
A citation style is a set of rules on how
to cite sources in academic writing.
Whenever you refer to someone else’s
work, a citation is required to avoid
plagiarism.
 7

CITATION STYLE
• MLA style in the humanities (e.g.
literature or languages).
• APA style in the social sciences (e.g.
psychology or education).
• Chicago notes and bibliography in
history.
• Chicago author-date in the sciences.
 8

MLA STYLE
MLA style (currently in its 8th edition) was
developed by the Modern Language
Association and is especially popular in
language and literary studies. MLA uses
parenthetical citations containing the author
and page number.
 9

MLA STYLE
MLA citation example (book)

MLA in-text citation

The book uses success stories from the
authors’ own lived experiences to make the
case for a creative revolution in the business
world (Stewart and Simmons 22).
 10

MLA STYLE
MLA citation example (book)

MLA Works Cited

Stewart, Dave and Mark Simmons. The
Business Playground: Where Creativity and
Commerce Collide. New Rider Press, 2010.
 11

APA STYLE
APA Style was created by the American
Psychological Association and was originally
used in psychology and the social sciences.
Today many other disciplines also use it.
APA’s citation style uses an author-date
system of parenthetical citation.
 12

APA STYLE
APA Style citation example (book)

APA in-text citation

The book uses success stories from the
authors’ own lived experiences to make the
case for a creative revolution in the business
world (Stewart & Simmons, 2010, p. 22).
 13

APA STYLE
APA Style citation example (book)

APA reference list

Stewart, D., & Simmons, M. (2010). The
business playground: Where creativity and
commerce collide. New Riders Press.
 14

CHICAGO
Chicago style is published by The Chicago
Manual of Style. There are two variations:

Chicago A: You cite the source in a footnote

or endnote.
Chicago B: You use a parenthetical author-
date citation in the text.
 15

CHICAGO
Chicago A example (book)

Chicago in-text citation

The book uses success stories from the
authors’ own lived experiences to make the
case for a creative revolution in the business
world.1
 16

CHICAGO
Chicago A example (book)

Chicago style footnote

1
 Dave Stewart and Mark Simmons, The
Business Playground: Where Creativity and
Commerce Collide (Berkeley: New Riders
Press, 2010).
 17

CHICAGO
Chicago A example (book)

Chicago bibliography 
Stewart, Dave and Mark Simmons. The
Business Playground: Where Creativity and
Commerce Collide. Berkeley: New Riders
Press, 2010.
 18

CHICAGO
Chicago B example (book)

Chicago in-text citation

The book uses success stories from the
authors’ own lived experiences to make the
case for a creative revolution in the business
world (Stewart and Simmons 2010, 22).
 19

CHICAGO
Chicago B example (book)

Chicago reference list

Stewart, Dave and Mark Simmons. 2010. The
Business Playground: Where Creativity and
Commerce Collide. Berkeley: New Riders
Press.
 20

Apa style 7 edition

th
APA STYLE 7 TH
21

EDITION
In October 2019, the American Psychological
Association (APA) introduced the 7th edition
of the APA Publication Manual, which
replaces the 6th edition published in 2009.
General apa guidelines 22

1. Typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper

(8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides.
2. Include a page header at the top of every page.
Include the page numbers as well.
3. Font specificities:
11-point Calibri
11- point Arial
10-point Lucida Sans Unicode
12-point Times New Roman
11-point Georgia
In-text citation general guidelines 23

1. Follow author-date method for in-text

citation. Example: (Dela Cruz, 1998). Each
reference should appear in the reference list.
2. If citing INDIRECTLY quoting the
material, author-date method is enough. If
DIRECTLY quoting, include page
number/s. Use “p.” for one page, “pp.” for
multiple pages then write the numbers.
Example: (Dela Cruz, 1998, p. 150) or
(Dela Cruz, 1998 pp. 150-154)
In-text citation general guidelines 24

3. Always capital proper nouns

4. Capitalize words that are four letters long
or greater within the title of a source.
Although there are exceptions to short
words that are verbs, nouns, and adjective,
and adverbs. Example: Producing New
Media
5. In reference lists, only the title’s first word
should be capitalized. Example: Producing
new media
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 25

Below are some of the ways for in-text citations under the APA writing style

Short quotations
According to Dela Cruz (2018), “Filipino students often exhibit challenges in
studying the Kreb cycle during first time encounter” (p. 214).
Long quotations – direct quotations that are 40 words or longer.
Dela Cruz’ (2018) study found the following:
Filipino students often exhibit challenges in studying the Kreb cycle during
first time encounter. This challenge could be caused by failure to understand
the material, misconceptions, and content gaps from previous courses. (p.
214)
Summary or paraphrases
According to Dela Cruz (2018), Kreb cycle is a difficult topic for first-time learners

Note: Some
examples are
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 26

Below are some of the ways for in-text citations under the APA writing style

Quotations from sources without pages

Dela Cruz (2018) found varying difficulty among students who study the Kreb cycle
for the first time (paras. 8-9)

An analysis made by a study (Dela Cruz, 2018) shows difficulty among students
who study Kreb cycle for the first time (Table 7).

A work by two authors

Dela Cruz and Gomez (2017) explained…

(Dela Cruz & Gomez, 2017)

A work by three or more authors

(Dela Cruz et al., 2019)
Note: Some
examples are Dela Cruz et al. (2019) suggested…
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 27

Below are some of the ways for in-text citations under the APA writing style

Unknown author – if the resource does not indicate an author, use the title or the first words/phrases
within the parentheses. Should the author be tagged as “Anonymous” in the resource, use the
aforementioned as (Anonymous, year). Also, when including in the reference list, use the name
Anonymous as the author.
A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers (“Using
Citations,” 2001).

Organization as an Author
World Health Organization (2019) stated…

If the organization is well-known, abbreviate the name for the second citation.
However, if the study would include multiple organizations that have similar
abbreviations, refrain from abbreviations:

1st citation: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2019)

Note: Some
2nd citation: (WHO, 2019)
examples are
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 28

Below are some of the ways for in-text citations under the APA writing style

Two or more works in the same parentheses – two or more works should be arranged alphabetically, as
enlisted in the reference list, and separated by a semi-colon
(Dela Cruz, 2019; Hermoso, 2017)

Multiple works by the same author – write the author’s name once followed by the
dates of the works. Note the arrangement: no date citations, years, in-press citations.
(Dela Cruz, n.d., 1998, 2018, in press)

Authors with the same last name – with authors having the same name, simply add
their first initials.
(A. Dela Cruz, 2009; B. Dela Cruz, 2006)

Note: Some
examples are
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 29

Below are some of the ways for in-text citations under the APA writing style

Electronic sources – use the same author and date format

Dela Cruz (2004) described…

Unknown author and unknown date – with unknown author, use the first word/two
of the title in the parentheses and add the “n.d.” to indicate no date.
Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded
with tutoring (“Tutoring and APA,” n.d.).

Note: Some
examples are
fictitious
Reference list general guidelines 30

1. All lines after the first line of entry in the reference

list should follow a hanging indention.
2. For authors, last names should be written first.
3. Authors’ first and middle names should be made
into initials only.
4. Provide the last name, and first/middle initials for
ALL authors of a material up to 20 authors. Use
“&” before the last author’s name. Should there be
21 or more authors, use ellipsis and not “&” after
the 19th author, and then add the final author’s
name
Reference list general guidelines 31

5. Reference list should be alphabetically arranged

with respect to authors’ last names.
6. Should the author have multiple works, enlist from
earlies to recent work.
7. When referring to the titles of books, chapters,
articles, reports, webpages, or other sources,
capitalize only the first letter of the first word of
the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a
dash in the title, and proper nouns.
8. Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books,
collections, etc.).
Reference list general guidelines for
32
academic journals
1. Journal titles should be written in full and
italicize. Maintain the nonstandard punctuation and
capitalization used by the author for their title. For
example, use IKAPATI instead of Ikapati, or Past &
Future instead of Past and Future.
2. Capitalize all major words in the titles of the
academic journals. Also, the first word of the titles
and subtitles, and first word after a colon or dash.
Reference list general guidelines for
33
academic journals
3. Do not italicize or underline and enclose within
quotes the article titles of the academic journal. For
instance, should you want to cite the article titled
"Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench"
that was published in the journal Oceanographic
Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, these must be
the format:

Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench

…but the title of the journal would be:
Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 34

Single author
Kim, J. (2016). Life of Canadian Immigrants. Journal of the Global Social
Sciences, 11, 8-11. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1
 
Two authors
Kim, J. & Han, K. (2017). Canadian Immigrant in workforce. Journal of the Global
Social Sciences, 53, 1056-1059. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1
 
Three to twenty authors – enlist the last names and initials, commas separate the
authors’ names, and the last author must follow an ampersand “&”
Kim, J., Kim, S., Kim, Y., Kim, J., Han, K., Ross, S. & Tremblay, G. (2020). The
study of Cross-cultural Appropriation among Diverse Community. Journal
of the Global Social Sciences, 142, 2104-2108.
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

Note: Some
examples are
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 35

More than twenty authors - enlist the last names and initials, commas separate the authors’
names. After the first 19 authors, insert ellipsis to signify remaining authors. Then, the last
author must follow an ampersand “&”
Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell,
R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J.,
Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . .
 Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel
subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

Note: Some
examples are
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 36
Organization as Author (corporate author)
Kim’s Convenience Inc. (2017). How we rise as an immigrant franchise. KCI blog.
Retrieved from https://blog.kciblog.org/articles/blog-content.html
 
Unknown author – use “Anonymous” as the author’s name if the resource was
signed with “Anonymous.”
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
 

Note: Some
examples are
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 37

Basic Format of books

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Publisher Name.
 
Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.
 
Edited, No author
Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for
subtitle. Publisher.
 
Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.
 
Edited Book with an Author or Authors
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (E.
Editor, Ed.). Publisher.
 
Note: Some Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.
examples are
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 38
Webpage or Piece of Online Content
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
 
Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist.
Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-
exist-3af27e312d01

If the resource was written by a group/organization:

Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
 
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November
21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting
victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-
over-40-dogfighting-victims
 
If the page’s author is not listed, start with the title:
Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from
Note: Some URL
examples are  
fictitious Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18,
2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 39

If the date of publication is not listed, use the “n.d.”

Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL
 
National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health
conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions

Note: Some
examples are
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 40

 Online Scholarly journal article: with DOIs

Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol.
(Issue), page numbers. DOI
 
Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and
validation of the active empathetic listening scale. Psychology & Marketing,
23(2), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105

Online Scholarly journal article: with no DOIs

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved from
https://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/
 
Perreault, L. (2019). Obesity in adults: Role of physical activity and
exercise. UpToDate. Retrieved January 12, 2020,
from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-role-of-
Note: Some
examples are
physical-activity-and-exercise
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 41

Online news article

If the source does come from a site with an associated newspaper:
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL
 
Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies
about the end of America. Washington
Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-
of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of-america/
2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html
 
  If the source doesn't come from a site with an associated newspaper:
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Name of publishing website.
URL
 
Jones, J. (2020, May 10). Why flats dominate Spain's housing market.
BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200506-why-do-flats-
dominate-spains-housing-market
Note: Some
examples are
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 42

Dissertation/Thesis from a Databse

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral
dissertation or master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree].
Database Name.
 
Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry
conceptions of undergraduate organic chemistry students. (Publication No.
3348786) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses Global.
 
Article from a Database
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume number(issue number if available), page range. Retrieved
from https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
 
Electronic books
De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved
Note: Some from https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
examples are
fictitious
 How to write in APA referencing style 7th edition (in-text cita
and reference list)? 43
Blog post
Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL
 
Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its
rejection of racial equality. Code Switch,
NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-
century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality

Note: Some
examples are
fictitious
 44

Are there any

questions?
Than
ks!