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Topic 2 - Introduction To SPSS

This document provides an introduction and overview of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). SPSS is a powerful and user-friendly software program for conducting statistical analysis. It has three main windows - the data editor for entering and viewing data, the output viewer for displaying analysis results, and the syntax editor for typing commands. The document outlines how to design a template for entering data, including defining variable names, types, widths, value labels for categorical variables, and missing values. It also covers basic data analysis techniques in SPSS such as descriptive statistics, frequencies, cross tabulations, and different types of t-tests.

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69 views31 pages

Topic 2 - Introduction To SPSS

This document provides an introduction and overview of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). SPSS is a powerful and user-friendly software program for conducting statistical analysis. It has three main windows - the data editor for entering and viewing data, the output viewer for displaying analysis results, and the syntax editor for typing commands. The document outlines how to design a template for entering data, including defining variable names, types, widths, value labels for categorical variables, and missing values. It also covers basic data analysis techniques in SPSS such as descriptive statistics, frequencies, cross tabulations, and different types of t-tests.

Uploaded by

Blessings50
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

TO SPSS

WISDOM MGOMEZULU
[email protected]
Outline
• Introduction to SPSS
• Temperate designing for data entry
• Data entry
• Data cleaning
• Basic statistical analysis such as descriptive, hypothesis tests, modelling, etc

 Make sure you have SPSS installed in your computer


Introduction to SPSS
 SPSS –Statistical Package for Social Scientists
o Computer program/software for carrying out statistical analyses
o Very powerful and user-friendly

 Nature of SPSS: three main windows


 Data editor window is used for entering, displaying and editing data.
- shows data in two forms
• Data view
• Variable view
 Output viewer for displaying results on an analysis or general sequence
of commands.
 Syntax editor window is used for typing and running SPSS commands.
Introduction to SPSS
 *You must save the data editor window and output viewer window
separately.
 Make sure to save both if you want to save your changes in data or
analysis.*
Introduction to SPSS ct’d

 Data view:
o Rows are cases
o Columns are variables

 Variable view:
o Rows define the variables
• Name, Type, Width, Decimals, Label, Missing, etc.
 Scale – age, weight, income
 Nominal – categories that cannot be ranked (ID number)
 Ordinal – categories that can be ranked (level of
satisfaction)
Opening SPSS
SPSS GUI-Variable view
Data view
SPSS MENUS
 Gives you access to various functions in SPSS
 File menu -lets u open, save, print, export data, close and access
recently used files
 Edit-cut, copy, etc
 View-to customize SPSS desktop: hide/show tool bar, status bar, etc
 Data menu-data manipulation: sort cases, merge files, split file, etc
 Transform-compute new variables & make changes to existing ones
 Analyze-lets us perform all the statistical analysis
 Graph- to make plots from the data
 Utilities-Gives information about the variables and files
 Add-ons-tells us other prog of SPSS family
 Windows and help
Types of variables &
measurement
 Types of variables
 Quantitative -numeric in nature
 Qualitative-non numeric

 Levels of measurements
 Nominal-categorical e.g. gender, Religion, race, occupation, etc
 Ordinal : This is data ordered sequence. For example,
agreement (strongly agree, disagree) satisfaction (total
satisfaction, satisfied, dissatisfied), etc
 Interval or Ratio: -numbers go from low to high in equal
intervals. Height and weight- examples.
Designing Template
 Variable view
 Rows define the variables
 Name, Type, Width, Decimals, Label, values, Missing, Columns, Align, Measure, etc
 Defining and naming variables
 Data can be of various types:
 Numeric*-variable whose values are numbers
 U cannot perform any statistical analysis if u define it as string
 String*-text format
 Date
 Comma
 Currency, etc
 Naming variables
 Avoid use of space-unrecognised character
Designing Template
 Variable names are usually short forms e.g. hhage for “age of the household
head”, etc

 You can use under-score e.g. hh_edulevl for “education level of the household
head”

 A blank space and special SPSS characters like, +, /, -, *, !, ’, and ? can not be
used

 A variable name cannot be repeated for different columns

 Note: there is no defined rules for naming variables-depends on the


comfortability of the researcher.

 However, conventional short forms/symbols shud be considered


Designing Template
 Width-specifies the length of the variable in characters

 Decimals-affect the display of the data in data view. Take note of sensitive
variables

 Label-details or description of the variable name. e.g. hh_id variable as


“household identification number”

 Values-assigning the values or codes for the variable


 For example:
 Gender: 1=male, 0=female
 Marital status: 1=married, 2=single, 3=divorced, 4=widow(er), etc
 Occupation: 1=farming, 2=employment, 3=busines, etc
Designing Template
 Assigning values
 Click on the cell in the values column. A dialogue box will appear

 Gender for example: enter 1 for male in the box labeled “value” and
specify its name (male) in the box labeled “value label”

 This will activate the “add button” click the add button and repeat
the steps to specify for female

 The buttons “change” and “remove” are used when u have made
mistakes

 Note: The variable gender is qualitative but bcoz u have assigned the
Value labels-dialogue box
Designing template

 Missing values-to specify missing values when


coding data
 Specify certain values to variables for which the
respondent gave no responses
 Usually out-of-range values: 999, 9999, 99, 888, etc
 Why missing values?

 Measure-to specify whether your variable is scale,


nominal or ordinal
Defining missing values
Multiple response questions/variables

 Multiple response questions/variables


 Define each response as a separate variable
 Maintain the value labels for each variable
 Examples: World Vision questionnaire
 B11-Livelihood sources
 B13
 Ranking livelihood sources*

 Open ended questions (un coded questions)


 You can code them after data collection*
 Or type them as text
 A poorly designed template will give you problems!
DATA ENTRY
 The data view is the mode that you enter your data
 Rows are cases
 The facilitator to demonstrate
 Columns are variables
 Missing values*
 Multiple response questions*
 Hands on using questionnaire
 Data cleaning/management
 Saving SPSS data file
 Click on File> Click Save As and give a file name>
Click Save
DATA ANALYSIS-HANDS ON

 Opening an existing SPSS data file


 Click on File> Click Open> Click Data> Click File Name> Click
Open
 Summarizing data: Descriptive analysis
 Measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode-explore*
 Frequencies-categorical
 Tables
 Comparing means-(quantitative variables)
 One sample t-test
 Independent sample t-test
 Chi-square test (categorical variables)
Data Analysis

 Custom tables
 Modeling
 Reading SPSS output and interpretation
Descriptive analysis
Data Analysis-descriptive
Data Analysis

 Multiple response analysis


 Analyse-multiple response-define variable sets
 Categories, dichotomies, variable name, label, close
 Analyse immediately before you close

 Cross tabulation
 To describe the relationship between variables-nominal
 Analyse-descriptives-crosstabulation
 Chi-square analysis and interpretation
Advanced data handling in SPSS

 Sorting cases
 Finding values, variables, cases
 Merging files
 Splitting files
 Selecting cases
 Recording values
 Transforming variables
Computing new variables
Statistical Modelling
 Linear regression, logit and probit models
 Analyse-regression-linear/probit/logit
 Dependent variables, independent variables
 Diagnostic tests
T-TEST
 There are tree types of T-test
1. Independent-samples t test (two-sample t test).
2. Paired-samples t test (dependent t test).
3. One-sample t test.
Independent-samples t test (two-sample t test).

 Compares the means of one variable for


two groups of cases.
 Descriptive statistics for each group and
Levene’s test for equality of variances are
provided, as well as both equal- and
unequal-variance t - values and a 95%-
confidence interval for the difference in
means.
Paired-samples t test (dependent t test).

 Compares the means of two variables for a


single group.
 This test is also for matched pairs or case-
control study designs.
 The output includes descriptive statistics for
the test variables, the correlation between
them, descriptive statistics for the paired
differences, the t test, and a 95%-confidence
interval.
One-sample t test.

 Compares the mean of one variable with a


known or hypothesized value.
 Descriptive statistics for the test variables
are displayed along with the t test. A 95%-
confidence interval for the difference
between the mean of the test variable and
the hypothesized test value is part of the
default output.
IT GETS BETTER WITH
PRACTICE (WIZ, 2018)
 THANK YOU

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