Electromagnetic Wave

ELECTROMAGNE
TIC WAVES
Diosa Mae Paño

Ramnel Louis L. Bagaoisan
Reporters
Learning Objectives
relate the penetrating ability to the different quantities that
describes the propagation of electromagnetic waves,
describe the speed of Electromagnetic wave through
different material,
recognize the wavebands of radio waves and its
corresponding applications, and
describe how radio waves are generated, transmitted, and
received.
Recap of the previous lesson...
Electromagnetic wave (EM wave) or electromagnetic
radiation is a wave that is created as a result of vibrations
between an electric field and magnetic field, hence known as
‘electromagnetic wave’. Recall Oersted’s discovery: A
changing electric field produces magnetic field. A changing
magnetic field is therefore produced around a vibrating
charge.
Recap of the previous lesson…
And according to Michael Faraday, the changing magnetic field will
produce electric field. A wave carries energy as it propagates, EM wave
does the same, too. EM waves can travel through anything even on
vacuum, meaning they do not need any medium to travel. They travel in a
vacuum at a speed of 3x108 m/s.
There are seven different types of EM waves. They are arranged in a
gradual progression from the waves of lowest frequency to highest
frequency. This arrangement of EM waves is called electromagnetic
spectrum. In order of increasing frequency, the EM spectrum includes
radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, and
gamma ray.
New Lesson…
Do you wonder how we can watch our favorite
noon time show or news in our television? Or how
we can tune in with our preferred radio station?
Well, thanks to radio wave.
Radio waves have the longest wavelength among the EM

waves and has the fewest frequency and energy at the
same time. Therefore, it is used to transmit signals in radio
communication and broadcasting.
Penetrating ability of EM
radiation
Electromagnetic waves
readily penetrate the
atmosphere. Even the less
energetic radio waves from
space reach the surface of
the earth.
Electromagnetic radiation
with shorter wavelengths
penetrates materials most
effectively, X-rays have very
short wavelengths, so they
can penetrate the soft tissue
of the human body.
Gamma rays which have the
shortest wavelengths of all
electromagnetic radiation, have
even greater penetrating power. It
takes “several centimeters of
lead or more than a meter of
concrete” to stop them,
according to the Duke University
Department of Chemistry.
Different frequencies of EM radiation have
different degrees of penetration. For example,
if we take the human body as the object, visible
light is reflected off the surface of the human
body, ultraviolet light (from sunlight) damages
the skin, but X-rays are able to penetrate the
skin and bone and allow the pictures of the
inside of the human body to be taken.
If we compare the energy of
visible light to the energy of X-
rays, we find that X-rays have
much higher frequency.
Usually, electromagnetic
radiations with higher
frequency (energy) have a
higher degree of penetration
than those of low frequency.
The penetrating capacity of electromagnetic waves can be related do
its speed. The actual speed of electromagnetic wave through a
material or medium is dependent upon the optical density of
that medium. Different materials cause a different amount of delay
due to the absorption and reemission process.
Furthermore, different materials have their own atoms more closely packed
and thus the amount of distance between atoms is less. These two factors
are dependent upon the nature of the material through which the
electromagnetic wave is traveling. As a result, the speed of an
electromagnetic wave is dependent upon the material through which it is
traveling.
Low frequency waves are suitable
for communication over great
distances. But the curvature of the
earth limits the range to about 80
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kilometers. To extend the range, a
repeater is used. The repeater
receives the signal and re-transmits it
IT Principles
to the receiving station. You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
High frequency waves can be
reflected by the ionosphere. This
enables the waves to be transmitted
over great distance.
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Medium and high frequency waves
are used for broadcasting by local
radio stations.
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The picture shows the flow of how signals are produced and transmitted through radio waves.
The first part is when the broadcaster uses microphone. Microphone converts the sound waves
to audio-frequency signals (electrical signal) and acts as receptor. The audio-frequency (AF)
signals will now go to a modulator. At the same time, the radio frequency oscillator will produce
radio-frequency carrier and will also go to the modulator. Once the AF signals and frequency
carrier waves reached the modulator, those two will be transformed into an appropriate
modulated carrier waves through the process of amplitude modulation or frequency
modulation. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the radio waves (RF carrier) changes to
match that of the audio-frequency signal. This is used in standard broadcasting because it can
be sent over long distances.
Very high frequency waves
provide a higher quality
broadcasting including
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stereo sound. In this
process, instead of the
amplitude of the RF carrier,
it is the frequency of the
waves that changes to
match that of the signal.
This is called frequency
modulation.
Radio waves
Radio waves have the longest wavelength in the
electromagnetic spectrum. They are produced by
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making electrons vibrate in an antenna. They are
used to transmit sound and picture information
over long distances. Radio waves have the very
wide range of wavelengths. The whole region of
the radio waves is divided into smaller regions or
wavebands. Each wave band is allocated by law
to a specific radio service.
Microwaves
Microwaves have smaller wavelengths than radio waves. They
are used in satellite communications, radar, television
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transmission and cooking.
Application of
Microwaves
Satellite Communications
Microwaves can penetrate the atmosphere of the

earth. This is the reason why they are used for
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satellite communications. Communication satellites
travel around earth at an altitude of 35,000 km
above the equator. They move at a speed of
11,300 km/h and revolve around the earth every 24
hours, the same rate as the rotation of the earth.
This makes them appear to be stationary when
seen on Earth. Antennae are mounted to point in
fixed directions towards these satellites.
Microwaves signals are transmitted by an antenna
to a satellite which amplifies and re-transmits the
signal to an antenna in other parts of the world.
This is how we communicate with the rest of the
world.
Radar
Microwaves have short wavelengths and are

reflected by small objects. This property is used in
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radars. Radar is the acronym of radio detection
and ranging. A radar system is consisting of an
antenna, transmitter, and a receiver. The antenna
whirls around continuously to scan the surrounding
area. The transmitter sends out a narrow beam
microwaves in short pulses. A distant object
reflects some of the signal back to the receiver.
The direction to which the signal was received
gives the direction of the object. The distance of
the object can be calculated from the time lag
between the transmitted pulse and the reflected
pulse.
Terrestrial Communication
Microwaves are used to transmit television news coverage from mobile broadcast vehicles back
to the station. The news crew can also set up small antenna to send signals to a communication
satellite. This is how news are broadcasted and watched live around the world.
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A cell phone is a radio transmitter and receiver that uses microwaves. Cellular phones depend
on overlapping network of cells or areas of land several kilometers in diameter. Each cell has its
own tower that receives and sends microwave signals .
Microwave Oven
In a microwave oven, foods

absorb certain microwave
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frequencies very strongly. The
microwaves penetrate the food
being heated. It will agitate the
water molecules within the food,
thus creating molecular friction
which then produces heat that will
cook it.
Radio:
Transmission and
Reception of
Radio Waves
For the propagation and interception of radio waves, a transmitter
and receiver are employed. A radio wave acts as a carrier of
information-bearing signals; the information may be encoded directly
or on the wave by periodically interrupting its transmission or
01
impressed on it by a process called modulation.
The actual information in a modulated signal is contained in its
sidebands, or frequencies added to the carrier wave, rather than in
the carrier wave itself. The two most common types of modulation
used in radio are amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency
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modulation (FM).
Frequency modulation minimizes noise and provides greater
fidelity that amplitude modulation, which is the older method of
broadcasting. Both AM and FM are analog transmission systems,
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that is, they process sounds into continuously varying pattern of
electrical signals which resemble sound waves.
Digital radio uses transmission system in which signals propagate
as discrete voltage pushes, that is, as pattern of numbers, before
transmission, an analog audio signal is converted into a digital
signal, which may be transmitted in the AM or FM frequency range.
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A digital broadcast offers compact-disc quality reception and
reproduction on the FM band and FM-quality reception and
reproduction on the AM band.
Receiving antennas intercept prat of this radiation, change it back to the
form of electrical signals, and feel it to a receiver. The most common circuit
for radio-frequency selection and amplification used in radio receivers is the
super heterodyne, a signal frequency that is created by combining or
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mixing two frequencies using a signal processing technique called
heterodyning. In that system, incoming signals are mixed with a signal
from a local oscillator to produce intermediate frequencies (IF) that are
equal to the arithmetical sum and difference of the incoming and local
frequencies.
One of those frequencies is applied to an amplifier. Because the IF
amplifier operates at a single frequency, namely the intermediate
frequency, it can be built for optimum selectivity and gain. The turning
control on a radio receiver adjusts the local oscillator frequency. If
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incoming signals are above the threshold of sensitivity of the receiver and
if the receiver is tuned to the frequency of the signal, it will amplify the
signal and feed it to the circuits that demodulate it, i.e., separate the
signal wave itself from the carrier wave.
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ELECTROMAGNE

Diosa Mae Paño

Radio waves have the longest wavelength among the EM

Microwaves can penetrate the atmosphere of the

Microwaves have short wavelengths and are

In a microwave oven, foods

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