To study the different industrial applications of PLC

through ladder diagrams .

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
by
SUJAN MIA JUBAIDUL HASAN NAYEEM MIA
ID : 2191161032 ID: 2191161033 ID: 2191161027

Under the guidance of

Dr. Md. Shakowat Zaman Sarker
CHAIRMAN OF EEE DEPERMENT

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

UTTARA UNIVERSITY
Sector 6, Rode 16, Uttara .
DHAKA BANAGLADESH
NOVEMBER 2022
DEPT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTRA UNIVERSITY 1
Overview
Need of PLC
What is PLC
Programming languages
Industrial applications
 Future Work
Conclusion
References
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 2
Need of PLC
Before PLCs came into existence; sequencing, safety interlock logic for manufacturing, and
other controls were accomplished using physical relays, timers, and dedicated closed-loop
controllers. But the control industries were looking forward to eliminate the high costs
associated with inflexible, relay controlled systems .
The specifications required a solid-state system with computer flexibility which must be able to:

survive in an industrial environment,

be easily programmed and maintained by plant engineers and technicians, and
be reusable.
Such a control system would reduce machine downtime and provide expandability for the future.

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 3

Some of the initial specifications included the following:-
The new control system had to be price competitive with the use of relay
systems.
 The system had to be capable of sustaining an industrial environment.
 The input and output interfaces had to be easily replaceable.
The controller had to be designed in modular form, so that subassemblies
could be removed easily for replacement or repair.
The control system needed the capability to pass data collection to a system
The system had to be reusable.
 The method used to program the controller had to be simple, so that it
could be easily understood by plant personnel
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 4
What is PLC
Introduction:- A programmable logic controller known as PLC, is a solid state, digital ,
industrial computer using integrated circuits instead of electromechanical devices to
implement control functions. It was invented in order to replace the sequential circuits which
were mainly used for machine control. They are capable of storing instructions, such as
sequencing, timing, counting, arithmetic, data manipulation and communication, to control
machines and processes. According to NEMA(National Electrical Manufacture’s
Association ,USA),the definition of PLC has been given as :

“Digital electronic devices that uses a programmable memory to store instructions and

to implement specific functions such as logic , sequencing, timing, counting, and

arithmetic to control machines and processes.”
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 5
PLC conceptual application diagram

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 6

Basic parts of PLC:-
All programmable controllers contain a CPU, memory, power supply, I/O
modules, and programmable devices. Basic parts of the PLC are as follows:-

 Processor
Memory
Input/output devices
Programming panel or unit
Power supply
Figure : Basic parts of PLC

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 7

 Programming languages
As PLCs have developed and expanded, programming languages have
developed with them. Programming languages allow the user to enter a control
program into a PLC using an established syntax. Today’s advanced languages
have new, more versatile instructions, which initiate control program actions.
These new instructions provide more computing power for single operations
performed by the instruction itself.
In addition to new programming instructions, the development of powerful I/O
modules has also changed existing instructions. These changes include the
ability to send data to and obtain data from modules by addressing the modules’
locations. For example, PLCs can now read and write data to and from analog
modules. All of these advances, in conjunction with projected industry needs,
have created a demand for more powerful instructions that allow easier, more
compact, function-oriented PLC programs.
ENGINEERING
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS UTTARA UNIVERSITY 8
The three types of programming languages used in PLCs are:-
 Ladder
 Boolean
 Grafcet
The ladder and Boolean languages essentially implement operations in the same
way, but they differ in the way their instructions are represented and how they are
entered into the PLC. The Grafcet language implements control instructions in a
different manner, based on steps and actions in a graphic oriented program.
Ladder language:- For ease of programming the programmable controller was
developed using existing relay ladder symbols and expressions to represent the
program logic, needed to control the machine or process. The resulting
programming language, which used these original basic relay ladder symbols, was
given the name ladder language. Figure below illustrates a relay ladder logic circuit
and the PLC ladder language representation of the same circuit.
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 9
 Industrial applications

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 10

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 11
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 12
Conclusion

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 13

 References

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 14

 Thank You!!!

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UTTARA UNIVERSITY 15