HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE |

ROMAN TEMPLES
Pantheon , Rome ,
Italy

Temple of Jupiter , Baalbek ,

Lebanon

SUBMITTED BY : NANDINI SHARMA

SHUBHI SHRIVASTAV
Temple of Augustus , Pula , Croatia HARSHITA SONKAR

B.ARCH. ( 2ND SEMESTER)

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE [ COURSE

CODE : ART 102 ]
 TEMPLE OF JUPITER ,
BAALBEK , LEBANON

 LOCATI  HISTORY :
ON :
Location : Baalbek, Lebanon   The Temple of Jupiter is a colossal Roman temple, the largest of the
Architectural style: Classical Roman world, situated at the Baalbek complex in Heliopolis
Syriaca (modern Lebanon).
Completed by : 60 AD
 The temple served as an oracle and was dedicated
to Jupiter Heliopolitanus.

 It was the biggest temple dedicated to Jupiter in all the 

Roman Empire.

 The colossal temple is located at the western edge of Heliopolis, an

ancient complex of temples in ancient Lebanon.
 TEMPLE OF JUPITER ,
BAALBEK , LEBANON

 STRUCTURE

 The columns were 19.9 meters high with a diameter of nearly 2.5 meters: the biggest in the
classical world. It took three centuries to create this colossal temple complex.

 The temple held a golden statue of Apollo or Zeus.

 It is situated at the western end of the Great Court of Roman Heliopolis, on a broad platform of
stone raised another 7 m (23 ft) above the huge stones of the foundation.
 PRESENT SITUATION

 At present, six columns remain standing along its south side with their entablature.

 The remaining architrave and frieze blocks weigh as much as 60 tonnes (66 tons), with one

corner block weighting over 100 tonnes (110 tons), all of them raised to a height of 19 m (62.3 ft)
above the ground.
 TEMPLE OF JUPITER ,
 DETAILS BAALBEK , LEBANON

DIAMETRIC VIEW OF THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER

THE GROUND-PLAN OF THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER

 TEMPLE OF JUPITER ,
 PARTS OF TEMPLE OF JUPITER BAALBEK , LEBANON

Plate from "Richard Pococke - A Description of the

East and Some Other Countries - 1745":

A) Temple;

B) Great Court;

C) Hexagonal Court;

D) Propylaeum (monumental entrance)

A view from hexagonal court

 TEMPLE OF JUPITER ,
 PARTS OF TEMPLE OF JUPITER BAALBEK , LEBANON
 PROPYLAEUM (Monumental entrance)

 The entrance is very magnificent, consisting of

two grand courts.

 It is 27 feet above the ground on the side next

to the old temple.

 There are pedestals in the front of the grand
entrance.
 There is a square pavilion at each end.
 This magnificent entrance is at least twenty
feet above the ground to the east.

Propylaeum
 TEMPLE OF JUPITER ,
BAALBEK , LEBANON

External walls of the Hexagonal

Reconstructed portico of the Propylaeum which had Court and of a side the Propylaeum
Hexagonal Court with evidence of
twelve columns of Egyptian granite "shops" or military shelters
 TEMPLE OF JUPITER ,
 PARTS OF TEMPLE OF JUPITER BAALBEK , LEBANON
 The grand entrance leads to a court, which seems
to have been an octagon of unequal sides.
Great Court: fragments
of the decoration

Great Court: inscriptions

on pedestals of statues or
Great Court seen from the temple with the main tower/altar in the tombstones
foreground
 TEMPLE OF JUPITER ,
 ELEMENTS OF TEMPLE OF JUPITER BAALBEK , LEBANON

Six standing columns of the Temple of Jupiter; (inset) detail of a

Great Court: semicircular portico fallen capital with a flying bird
 TEMPLE OF JUPITER ,
 ELEMENTS OF TEMPLE OF JUPITER BAALBEK , LEBANON

Fragments of the ceiling

with reliefs depicting 
Gorgons and the Sun;

Fallen gargoyle of the Temple of Jupiter; (inset)

the most famous postcard of Baalbek National Museum of Beirut - exhibits from
Baalbek: (left) an elaborate capital; (centre)
small statue of Jupiter Heliopolitanus (see a 
similar one at the Louvre Museum); (right)
small statue of Venus wearing jewels
 TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS ,
 LOCATION : PULA , CROATIA

Location :  Forum Square, Pula , Croatia

Architectural style: Ancient Roman
Opened: 14 AD
Functions : Dedicated to Augustus
 TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS ,
 HISTORY : PULA , CROATIA
 The Temple of Augustus - Dedicated to the first Roman emperor, Augustus,

 It was probably built during the emperor's lifetime at some point between 27
BC and his death in AD 14.

 It was built on a podium with a tetrastyle prostyle porch of Corinthian columns

and measures about 8 by 17.3 m (26 by 57 ft), and 14 m (46 ft) high.

 The richly decorated frieze is similar to that of a somewhat larger and more
recent temple, the Maison Carrée in Nîmes, France.

 These two temples are considered the two best complete Roman monuments
outside Italy.
 TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS ,
 LATER HISTORY PULA , CROATIA
 The temple was part of a traid consisting of three
temples.

 The Temple of Augustus stood at the left side of the

central temple, and the similar temple of the
goddess Diana stood on the other side of the main
temple.

 In the 16th century, Andrea Palladio included the

description of the temple in his I quattro libri
dell'architettura, a highly influential book on the
principles of Classical architecture.

 It was struck by a bomb during an Allied air raid in 1944,

almost totally destroying it, but was reconstructed in
1947.

 It is today used as a lapidarium (A lapidarium is a place

where stone monuments and fragments of
archaeological interest are exhibited) to display items of
Roman sculpture.
 TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS ,
PULA , CROATIA
DETAILS

THE GROUND-PLAN OF THE TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS ELEVATION OF THE TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS

 TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS ,
 DETAILS PULA , CROATIA

ORNAMENTED ELEMENTS IN FRIEZE

ENTABULATURE DETAILS
 TEMPLE OF AUGUSTUS ,
PULA , CROATIA
 INSCRIPTION :

 The temple's dedication originally

consisted of bronze letters affixed by
nails to the stones of the architrave.

 Only the attachment holes now

remain and much of the text has
been destroyed over time. However,
it consisted of a standard dedication ROMAE · ET · AVGVSTO · CAESARI · DIVI · F · PATRI ·
also found on other Augustan PATRIAE
temples, which read. To Roma and Augustus Caesar, son of the deity, father of the fatherland

 This indicates that the temple was

originally also co-dedicated to the
goddess Roma, the personification of
the city of Rome.
 THE PANTHEON , ROME ,
 LOCATION : ITALY
Location :  Rome , Italy

ROME Architectural style: Ancient Roman

Builder: Trajan, Hadrian
Opened: 125 AD
Height: 43 m
Functions : Burials , Museum

 HISTORY :

The name "Pantheon" is from the Ancient Greek "Pantheion" which means
"common to all the gods“
 The Pantheon of Agrippa, also known as the Pantheon of Rome.
 Best preserved building of ancient Rome and one of the masterpieces of
architecture present in the Italian capital.
 Perfect synthesis of harmony and constructive intelligence.
 The first Pantheon was commissioned by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (27-25 BCE)
and the second by Domitian.
 The third Pantheon begun in the reign of Trajan (98-117 CE) and got completed
around 125 CE when Hadrian was emperor. It is this version which still stands
today in central Rome.
THE PANTHEON , ROME ,
ITALY

ELEMENTS OF THE PANTHEON

THE PANTHEON , ROME ,
ITALY
 CROSSECTIONAL VIEWS AND DETAILS

OCULUS

COFFERS DOME

ROTUND PEDIMENT

PORTICO
 THE PANTHEON , ROME ,
ITALY
 STRUCTURE / PARTS OF PANTHEON

 Dome :
The Pantheon is the largest mass concrete dome in history. The external surface was
originally covered in sheets of bronze.
 This dome has a diameter of 43.44 m – 142 ft , the height in its interior, from floor to
ceiling, is equal to the diameter.
 At its base, the dome is 23 feet thick, but only 2 feet thick at the rim of the oculus.

 Oculus :
 They also carved an opening, called an oculus or "eye" of the dome which is 27 feet
wide, at the top of the dome.

 The eyepiece on the ceiling of the Pantheon diameter of 9 m , lets the rain pass to
the great circular room.

 To lighten the heavy structure Hadrian’s engineers scooped out 140 waffle-like
depressions, called coffers, in five rows around the dome's base to eliminate some 
masonry and reduce the dome's weight.

Oculus and coffers

 THE PANTHEON , ROME ,
ITALY
 STRUCTURE / PARTS OF PANTHEON

 PORTICO :

 The Pantheon portico or entryway is a symmetrical, sixteen, monolithic columns

classical design with three rows of Corinthian columns—eight in the front and two
rows of four.

 Topped by a triangular pediment. The granite and marble columns were imported

from Egypt, a land that was part of the Roman Empire.

 The grey granite columns was 11.9 metres (39 ft) tall, 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in
diameter.

 The large bronze doors to the Cella, measuring 4.45 metres (14.6 ft) wide by 7.53
metres (24.7 ft) high, are the oldest in Rome.

Pediment
THE PANTHEON , ROME ,
ITALY
 STRUCTURE / PARTS OF PANTHEON :

 ROTUNDA

 Pantheon, a geometric wonder: A Sphere within a Cylinder

 A sphere 142 feet in diameter perfectly fitted inside the Pantheon because the height
from the floor to the oculus and the diameter of the rotund interior is 142 feet.

 The thickness of the dome varies from 6.4 metres (21 ft) at the base of the dome to 1.2 Cross-section of the Pantheon showing how a 43.3-metre
metres (3.9 ft) around the oculus. diameter sphere fits under its dome.

 The materials used in the concrete of the dome also vary. At its thickest point, the
aggregate is travertine, then terracotta tiles, then at the very top, tufa and pumice, both
porous light stones.
THE PANTHEON , ROME ,
ITALY
 STRUCTURE / PARTS OF PANTHEON - INTERIOR and EXTERIOR
ELEMENTS
 The shafts (cylindrical part of the column) are made of Egyptian
granite, while the capitals (decorative top of the column) and
bases were carved from white Greek marble.

 The Corinthian capital gives the structure an intricate, decorative

quality that starkly contrasts with the smooth, heavy shaft
below. Shafts – Columns of Granite Interior Corinthian Capital

 Relieving Arches :
Although the dome is made of concrete, the walls are brick and
concrete. To support the weight of the upper walls and dome, brick
arches were built and can still be seen on the exterior walls. They are
called "relieving arches" or "discharging arches."
 Egyptian Pharaoh’s Obelisk in front of the
Pantheon

Exterior Corinthian Capital

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