Chapter 4 : Point Measures

While measures of central tendency are important, they do not tell the whole story. For
example, suppose the mean score on a statistics exam is 80%. From this information,
can we determine a range in which most people scored? The answer is no. There are
two other types of measures, measures of position and variability, that help paint a
more concise picture of what is going on in the data. In this section, we will consider the
measures of position and discuss measures of variability in the next one.
Measures of position give a range where a certain percentage of the data fall. The
measures we consider here are percentiles and quartiles.

The percentile of the data set is a measurement such that after the data are ordered
from smallest to largest, at most, p% of the data are at or below this value and at most,
(100 - p)% at or above it.

A common application of percentiles is their use in determining passing or failure

cutoffs for standardized exams such as the GRE. If you have a 95th percentile score then
you are at or above 95% of all test takers. 
The median is the value where fifty percent or the data values fall at or below it.
Therefore, the median is the 50th percentile.
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures

Quantiles
Quantile is a score distribution where the scores are divided into
different equal parts. There are three kinds of quantile. The quartile is
a score point that divided the scores in the distribution into four (4)
equal parts. Decile is a score point that divides the scores in the
distribution into ten (10) equal parts and Percentile is a score point
that divides the scores in the distribution into hundred (100) equal
parts.
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Quartile
A quartile is a statistical term that describes a division of observations into four
defined intervals based on the values of the data and how they compare to the
entire set of observations.

Each quartile contains 25% of the total observations. Generally, the data is
arranged from smallest to largest:

1) First quartile: the lowest 25% of numbers

2) Second quartile: between 25.1% and 50% (up to the median)
3) Third quartile: 50.1% to 75% (above the median)
4) Fourth quartile: the highest 25% of numbers
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures

Difference between a quarter and a quartile

There’s a slight difference between a quarter and a quartile. A

quarter is the whole slice of pizza, but a quartile is the mark the
pizza cutter makes at the end of the slice.
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Example

Divide the following data set into quartiles: 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 22, 13, 14, 16, 65, 45, 12.
Step 1: Put the numbers in order: 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 13, 14, 16, 22, 45, 65.
Step 2: Count how many numbers there are in your set and then divide by 4 to cut
the list of numbers into quarters. There are 12 numbers in this set, so you would
have 3 numbers in each quartile. These are 2, 5, 6, | 7, 10, 12 | 13, 14, 16, | 22, 45,
65
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
What is an Interquartile Range?
The interquartile range is a measure of where the “middle fifty” is in a
data set. Where a range is a measure of where the beginning and end
are in a set, an interquartile range is a measure of where the bulk of
the values lie. That’s why it’s preferred over many other 
measures of spread when reporting things like school performance or
SAT scores.
The interquartile range formula is the first quartile subtracted from the
third quartile: .
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
How do you find the interquartile range?

IQR in four simple steps:

1. Order the data from least to greatest

2. Find the median

3. Calculate the median of both the lower and upper half of the data

4. The IQR is the difference between the upper and lower medians
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Example

Determine the interquartile range of the following numbers:

42, 51, 62, 47, 38, 50, 54, 43
Solution:
38
42
43 Median 42.5
47
IQR 10
50
51
54 Median 52.5
62
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Decile
Deciles are similar to quartiles. But while quartiles sort data into four quarters,
deciles sort data into ten equal parts: The 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th, 60th,
70th, 80th, 90th and 100th percentiles.
 Deciles are measures of position calculated on a set of data.
 The deciles are the values that separate a distribution into ten equal
parts, where each part contains the same number of observations). The
decile is a member of the wider family of quantiles.
 The xth decile indicates the value where 10x% of the observations occur
below this value and
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Why are Decile ranks used instead of percentiles or quartiles?

Decile rankings are just another way to categorize data. Which

system you use is usually a judgment call.

For example, if you wanted to display class rankings on a pie

chart, using deciles would make more sense than percentiles.
That’s because a pie chart with 10-categories would be much
easier to read than a pie chart with 99 categories.
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Suppose you have the numbers 15, 22, 24, 27, 32, 36, 40, 41,
50, and 90.
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures

Percentile is a measure used to indicate the value below which a

given percentage of observations fall. Let us call this P=%.

Example: (100-P)%. The 90 percentile is the value below where

90 % of observations may be found.
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Percentages

Data Set: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

How many numbers are even?

Percentage= # meeting Characteristics of interest divided by the total

number of observations * 100.

Percentage= (𝟐/𝟓) * 100 = 40%

 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Percentile
A value below which a certain percentage of observations lie.
Data set: 2,2,3,4,5,5,5,6,7,8,8,8,8,8,9,9,10,11,11,12 • What is the
percentile ranking of “10”?

Percentile rank of = ((# of values below/n) *100

Percentile rank of ‘10’ = (𝟏𝟔/20) *100= 80%

 Chapter 4 : Point Measures

Data set: 2,2,3,4,5,5,5,6,7,8,8,8,8,8,9,9,10,11,11,12.

What value exist at the percentile ranking of 25%?
Value # = (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒/100) (n+1)
Value # = (25/100) (20 +1) = 5. 25.
There is no “5.25th”, so I take the average of the 5th & 6th
values to find what value exist at the 25th percentile. (5+5)/2 = 5
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Quartile for Ungrouped Data
nth score

nth score

nth score

nth score

where,
Qk is the indicated quartile

k = 1,2,3
n = number of cases
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Decile for Ungrouped Data

nth score

nth score

nth score

nth score

nth score

where,
Dk = is the indicated decile
k = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
n = number of cases
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Percentile for Ungrouped Data
nth score nth score

nth score nth score

nth score nth score

nth score nth score

nth score nth score

where
Pk is the indicated percentile
K = 1,2,3,4,5,………………. 97,98,99
n = number of cases
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Example: Using the given data 6, 8, 10, 12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20. Find Q1, Q3, D6, D9, P65, P99.

Solution: Solve the value of Q1.

 x
Wit n = 9 we get
6
nth score

8
nth score

10
nth score

12 nth score

12
Q1 = 3rd score
14
The value of Q1 is 10 which is the 3rd score in the distribution, so Q1 = 10
15
Analysis: Therefore, 25% of the scores are below 10.
16
20
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Example: Using the given data 6, 8, 10, 12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20. Find Q1, Q3, D6, D9, P65, P99.

Solution: Solve the value of Q3.

 x
6 nth score

8 nth score

nth score
10
nth score
12
12 The 7th score in the distribution which is 15, so = 15.
14
Analysis: Hence, 75% of the scores in the distribution are
15
less than 15.
16
20
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Example: Using the given data 6, 8, 10, 12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20. Find Q1, Q3, D6, D9, P65, P99.
Solve the value of D6.
Solution:
 x nth score

nth score
6
nth score
8
D6 = 5.8th score
10 The value of D6 lies within the sum of the 5th score and 80% of the
12 difference between 5th and 6th scores.
D6 = 5th score + 0.80 (6th score – 5th score)
12 = 12 + 0.80 (14 – 12)
14 = 12 + 0.80 (2)
= 12 + 1.60
15 D6 = 13.60
16 Analysis: Therefore, 60% of the scores in the
distribution are less than 13.60.
20
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Example: Using the given data 6, 8, 10, 12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20. Find Q1, Q3, D6, D9, P65, P99.
Solve the value if D9.
Solution:
 x nth score

nth score

6 nth score

8
10 The value of D9 lies within the 8th and 9th scores. That is, the sum of
the 8th score and 20% of the difference between the 9th and 8th
12 scores.
12 D9 = 8th score + 0.20 (9th score – 8th score)
D9 = 16 + 0.20 (20 – 16)
14
D9 = 16 + 0.80
15 D9 = 16.80
16
Analysis: Therefore, 90% of the scores in the distribution are less
20 than 16.80.
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Example: Using the given data 6, 8, 10, 12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20. Find Q1, Q3, D6, D9, P65, P99.
Solve the value of P65.
Solution: nth score nth score
 x nth score nth score

6 nth score
P65 = 6.20th score
8
Therefore, P65­lies within the 6th and 7th scores. The value of P65­ is the sum of
10 the 6th and 20% of the difference between the 7th and the 6th scores.
12 P65­ = 6th score + 0.20(7th score – 6th score)
= 14 + 0.20 (15 – 14)
12 = 14 + 0.20 (1)
14 = 14 + 0.20
P65­ = 14.20
15
16 Analysis: Therefore, 65% of the scores in the distribution are less than 14.20.

20
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Example: Using the given data 6, 8, 10, 12, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20. Find Q1, Q3, D6, D9, P65, P99.
Solve the value of P99.
Solution:
 x nth score

nth score

6 nth score

nth score
8
10  

12
P99 lies within the 8th and 9th scores. The value of P99 is the sum of
the 8th score and 92% of the difference of 9th and 8th scores.
12
P99 = 8th score + 0.92 (9th score – 8th score)
14 P99 = 16 + 0.92 (20 – 16) P99 = 16 + 3.68 P99 = 19.68
15
Analysis: Hence, 99% of the scores in the distribution are less
16
than 19.68.
20
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Quartiles for Grouped Data
The general formula for quartile is , where

= the indicated quartile

k = 1, 2, and 3
LB = lower boundary of the quartile class
cfp = cumulative frequency before the quartile class when scores are
arranged from lowest to highest
fq = frequency of the quartile class
c.i = size of the class interval
QC = is a class or category containing for Q1, for Q2 and for Q3
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Quartile Formula for Grouped Data
c.i
c.i

[ ]
𝑘𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓𝑝 c.i
4
𝑄 𝑘= 𝐿 𝐵 + 𝑐.𝑖
𝑓𝑞
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Sample Computations of Quartile Using Grouped Data
Example 1: The data for the scores of fifty (50) students in Filipino class are given below.
Solve for the value of Q1.

X F cf< Solution: = = 12.5 8

25 – 32 3 3 8
Q1C = 41 – 48 LL = 41
33 – 40 7 10
41 – 48 5 15 LB = 40.5 cfp = 10
49 – 56 4 19
fq = 5 c.i = 8
57 – 64 12 31
65 – 72 6 37 c.i
Analysis: Therefore, 25% of the
73 – 80 8 45
scores of 50 students who
81 – 88 3 48 participated in the test are less than
89 – 97 2 50 44.50.
  n = 50  
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Sample Computations of Quartile Using Grouped Data
Example 1: The data for the scores of fifty (50) students in Filipino class are given below.
Solve for the value of Q3.
Solution: c.i
X F cf<
8
25 – 32 3 3
= = 37.5 8
33 – 40 7 10
Q3C = 73 – 80
41 – 48 5 15
49 – 56 4 19 LL = 73
57 – 64 12 31 LB = 72.5
65 – 72 6 37 cfp = 37 Analysis: Therefore, 75% of the
73 – 80 8 45 fq = 8 scores in the distribution are less
81 – 88 3 48 c.i = 8 than 73.
89 – 97 2 50
  n = 50  
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Decile for Grouped Data
The general formula for deciles of grouped data is ,
where
Dk = indicated decile
k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
LB = lower boundary of the indicted decile class

DC = decile class is a class or category containing for D1, for D2, for D3 …. for D9
cfp = cumulative frequency before the indicated decile class when scores are arranged from lowest to
highest
fd = frequency of the indicated decile class
c.i = size of class interval
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Decile Formula for Grouped Data

c.i
c.i c.i
c.i c.i
c.i c.i
c.i c.i
Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Sample Computation of Decile Using Grouped Data
Example: The data for the scores of fifty (50) students in Filipino class are given below. Solve the value of
D5.
X F cf < Solution: c.i
25 – 32 3 3
= 8
33 – 40 7 10
41 – 48 5 15 D5C = 57 – 64 8
49 – 56 4 19
LL = 57
57 – 64 12 31
65 – 72 6 37 LB = 56.5
73 – 80 8 45 cfp = 19
81 – 88 3 48 Analysis: Hence, 50% of the
fd = 12
89 – 97 2 50 scores of 50 students are less than
  n = 50   c.i = 8 60.5
Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Example : The data for the scores of fifty (50) students in Filipino class are given below. Solve the value of
D7. The scores are given in the table below.

c.i
X F cf < Solution:
25 – 32 3 3 8
33 – 40 7 10 8
41 – 48 5 15 D7C = 65 – 72
49 – 56 4 19
57 – 64 12 31 LL = 65
65 – 72 6 37
LB = 64.5
73 – 80 8 45 Analysis: Therefore, 70% of the
81 – 88 3 48 cfp = 31 scores of students are less than
89 – 97 2 50 69.83.
  n = 50   fd = 6
c.i = 8
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Percentiles of Grouped Data
The general formula for percentile using grouped data is ,
where
Pk = the indicated percentile

k = 1, 2, 3, 4, ….. 97, 98, 99

LB = lower boundary of the indicted percentile class

PC = percentile class containing for P1, for P2, for P3, …. for P98, for P99

cfp = cumulative frequency before the indicated percentile class when scores are arranged from
lowest to highest
fd = frequency of the indicated percentile class
c.i = size of class interval
 Chapter 4 : Point Measures
To derive the formula in solving the indicated percentile, just change the value of k to the indicated
percentile. There are 99 formulas in solving the percentile. Some of the formulas for percentile are the
following.

c.i c.i
c.i c.i
c.i c.i
c.i c.i
c.i c.i
c.i c.i
Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Sample Computations of Percentile Using Grouped Data
Example: The data for the scores of fifty (50) students is Filipino class. Data are given below. Solve the
value of P82.
c.i.
X F cf < Solution: 8
25 – 32 3 3 8
33 – 40 7 10
41 – 48 5 15 P82C = 73 – 80
49 – 56 4 19 LL = 73
57 – 64 12 31
LB = 72.5
65 – 72 6 37
73 – 80 8 45 cfp = 37 Therefore, 82% of the scores of 50
students are less than 76.5
81 – 88 3 48 fd = 8
89 – 97 2 50
  n = 50   c.i = 8
Chapter 4 : Point Measures
Example: The data for the scores of fifty students in Filipino class are given below. Solve
the value of P91.
c.i
X f cf < Solution: 8
25 – 32 3 3
33 – 40 7 10 8
P91C = 81 – 88
41 – 48 5 15
49 – 56 4 19 LL = 81
57 – 64 12 31 LB = 80.50
65 – 72 6 37 cfp = 45 Analysis: Hence, 91% of the scores of
73 – 80 8 45
fd = 3 50 students are less than 81.83.
81 – 88 3 48
c.i = 8
89 – 97 2 50
  n = 50