ITT300

Introduction to Data Communication

and Networking

Chapter 1
Introduction

Mazlan Osman, FSKM, UiTM (Terengganu) 2011

 1.1 INTRODUCTION

What is data communication?

The exchange of data between

two devices via some form of
transmission medium.

1.2
 EFFECTIVENESS

1. Delivery - the system must deliver

data to the correct destination.
2. Accuracy - the system must deliver
data accurately.
3. Timeliness - The system must
deliver data timely.
4. Jitter – The system must avoid the
variation in arrival time.

1.3
 DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Figure 1.1 Five components of data communications system

1.4
 FIVE COMPONENTS

1.Message – data to be communicated.

2.Sender – device that sends data.
3.Receiver – device that receives data.
4.Transmission medium – physical
path in which datatravels from sender
to receiver.
5.Protocol – set of rules that represents
an agreement between the
communicating devices.
1.5
 DATA FLOW

1.Simplex – one device can transmit;

the other can only receive.
2.Half-Duplex – each device can both
transmit and receive, but not at the
same time.
3.Full-Duplex – both devices can
transmit and receive simultaneously.

Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.6
 DATA FLOW

Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.7
 1-2 NETWORKS

• What is a network?

• A set of devices (often referred to

as nodes) connected by
communication links.

• Most networks use distributed

processing – a task is divided among
multiple computers.
1.8
 NETWORK CRITERIA
1. Performance – quality of network
service.
• Measured by:
i. Transmit time – amount of time for
data to travel from one device to
another.
ii. Response time – elapsed time
between an inquiry and a response.

1.9
 NETWORK CRITERIA
2. Reliability – user’s satisfaction
about network.
• Measured by :
 frequency of failure
 the time for recovering the failure
 robustness in a catastrophe.
3. Security – data protecting.
• Measured by :
 data collision, etc.
1.10
 PHYSICAL STRUCTURES
1. Physical Connection
• Two possible types of connections:
a) Point-to-Point
- dedicated link between two
devices.
b) Multipoint (Multi-drop)
- more than two devices share a
single link either spatially or
temporally.
1.11
 PHYSICAL STRUCTURES

Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

1.12
 PHYSICAL STRUCTURES
2. Topology
- the way in which a network is
laid out physically.

1.13 Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

 MESH TOPOLOGY

 Every devices has a dedicated

point to point link .
 For n devices, physical channel =
n(n-1)/2

1.14
 MESH TOPOLOGY

Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

1.15
 STAR TOPOLOGY

 Each devices has a dedicated

point to point link only to a
central controller (hub).

1.16
 STAR TOPOLOGY

Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

1.17
 BUS TOPOLOGY

 All the devices in a network

linking to one long cable acts
as a backbone – multipoint
connection.

1.18
 BUS TOPOLOGY

Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.19
 RING TOPOLOGY

 Each devices has a dedicated

point to point connection with
only the two device on either
side of it.

1.20
 RING TOPOLOGY

Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.21
 HYBRID TOPOLOGY

Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.22
 NETWORK MODELS
• Computer networks are created by
different entities.
• Standards are needed so that these
heterogeneous network can
communicate between entities.
• Two best-known standards:
1. OSI model
- defines a seven-layer network
2. Internet model
- define a five-layer network

1.23
 CATEGORIES OF NETWORK

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

• Network with a limited

geographical area.
• Normally covers a single office,
building , campus or an
organization.

1.24
 CATEGORIES OF NETWORK

2.Metropolitan Area Network

(MAN)
• Network with a size between a
LAN and a WAN.
• Normally covers the area
inside a town or a city.

1.25
 CATEGORIES OF NETWORK
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Provides long-distance transmission of
information over large geographic areas.
• Normally covers a number of LANs,
entire city or entire world.
• Types:
i. Switched WAN
ii. Point-to-point WAN

1.26
 INTERCONNECTION OF NETWORKS

• Internetwork
• When two or more networks (either
LAN, WAN, or MAN) are connected,
they become an internetwork, or
internet.

1.27
 1-3 THE INTERNET

• Refer to Manual ITT300

1.28
 1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

What is protocols?

• A set of rules that governs an

agreement between the
communicating devices.

1.29
 PROTOCOLS

• Elements of protocol:
1. Syntax
- structure or format of data.
2. Semantics
- meaning of each section.
3. Timing
- when data should be sent and
how fast they can be sent.

1.30
 STANDARDS
• What is standards?

- provide guidelines to
manufacturers, vendors, government
and other service providers.
- to ensure that products from
different manufactures can work
together.

1.31
 STANDARDS
• Categories of standards :

1. De facto
- standards that have been adopted as
standards through widespread use.

2. De jure
- standards that have been legislated
by an officially recognized body.

1.32
 STANDARDS
• ORGANIZATIONS
Standards Creation Committees
i. International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
ii. International Telecommunication Union-
Telecommunication Standards Sector
(ITU-T)
iii. American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
iv. Institute of Electrical and Electronics
engineers (IEEE)
v. Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

1.33
 ITT300
Introduction to Data Communication and
Networking

Q&A

Mazlan Osman, FSKM, UiTM (Terengganu) 2011