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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

The document discusses the chromosomal theory of inheritance. It provides background on chromosomes and inheritance. It then explains how the chromosomal theory was developed in 1902 by Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri, who united Mendel's principles of inheritance with the observed behavior of chromosomes. The theory states that chromosomes, not inherited traits, are passed from parents to offspring during reproduction. It explains Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment in terms of chromosomes separating and recombining during meiosis.

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Sailesh B
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377 views24 pages

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

The document discusses the chromosomal theory of inheritance. It provides background on chromosomes and inheritance. It then explains how the chromosomal theory was developed in 1902 by Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri, who united Mendel's principles of inheritance with the observed behavior of chromosomes. The theory states that chromosomes, not inherited traits, are passed from parents to offspring during reproduction. It explains Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment in terms of chromosomes separating and recombining during meiosis.

Uploaded by

Sailesh B
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chromosomal

theory of
Inheritance
Analysis of the Topic:

Chromosome:
• A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell.
• A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes.
• Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
• 22 pairs are Autosomes which has identical structure.
• 23rd pair of chromosome determines the sex of the progeny.
Inheritance:
The process of transition of characters from parents to offspring.

From above basic information the chromosomal theory of inheritance can be


understood easily and the mechanism of transfer of characters of parents to
offspring.
Introduction:
• Mendel started his work in 1856 and published it in 1865.
• His work wasn’t recognised till 1900.
• Mendel works were unnoticed due to the following reason:
1.Communication was not easy those days.(Limited circulation of the
‘Proceedings of Brunn Natural Science Society’)
2.His concept of genes and factors were not accepted by the
contemporaries like Charles Darwin and A.R.Wallacedue to the continuous
variations in nature.
3.His mathematical and statistical analysis was not accepted.
4.He couldn’t provide any physical proof for existence of factors.
5.Non-discovery of chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis at that time.
Initiative to Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance:

• In 1900, de Vries, Correns and von Tschermak rediscovered Mendel’s


results on the inheritance of characters.
• Due to the advancement in Microscopy cell division were carefully
observed.
• In 1902, the chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Walter
Sutton and Theodore Boveri.
• Sutton was good in genetics, Boveri was good in cytology(study of cells).
• They united the knowledge of chromosomal segregation with Mendelian
principles and called it the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.
Scientists Related to Chromosomal Theory of
Inheritance

Gregor Johann Mendel Theodor Boveri Walter Sutton Thomas Hunt


Morgan
Born: 20 July 1822 12 October 1862 5 April 1877 25 September 1866

Died: 6 January 1884 15 September 1915 10 November 1916 4 December 1945


Salient features of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance:
1.Gametes constitute bridge between one generation and the next
generation.
2.Fusion of sperm and ova during fertilisation involves the interactions of
hereditary traits.
3.The Chromosomes in the nucleus carries the hereditary traits.
4.Chromosomes and genes occur in pairs in somatic or diploid cells.
5.Sex of the individual is determined by Sex Chromosomes.

Homology of Genes(Mendelian Factor) & Chromosomes:


1.Both are transferred from generation to generation without any change.
2.Both of them occurs in pairs.
3.Both of them undergoes Replication.
4.Both segregate during gamete formation.
5.Both follows the Law of Segregation.
Difference between Chromosome and Gene
Chromosome Gene
A chromosome is the most condensed A gene is a locus on a chromosome
structure of a DNA molecule with
proteins

Always composed of DNA Composed of either DNA or RNA


Mutations are relatively larger since Mutations are small and occur either in
they occur in homologous DNA replication or consequent DNA
recombination damage

Mutations lead to chromosomal Mutations include point mutations and


abnormalities such as duplication, insertions and deletions
deletion, rearrangement and inversion
of genes
Cell Division Cycle:
• Interphase is divided into 3 phases:
 G1 phase
 S phase
 G2 phase
• During Interphase at nucleus genetic material is present
in the form of thread like structure called Chromatin.
• At the time of cell division, the chromatin will undergo
condensation
• Due to condensation the thread becomes rod like
structure called Chromosomes.
• The duplicated chromosome will have two Chromatid.
• Such type of chromosome is known as Dyad Chromosome.
Chromosomal Explanation of Law of
Segregation:
At the time of gamete formation,
Homologous chromosomes separate and produces two
daughter cells in Anaphase-I of meiosis-I

Two chromatids forms two new daughter cells in


Anaphase-II of meiosis-II

These 4 haploid cells have one chromosome with one


allele of a gene and known as Gametes

The segregation of Chromosomes leads to segregation


of Alleles.
Chromosomal Explanation of Law of Independent Assortment:
Allelic genes of seed colour (yellow and green) are present on one homologous pair

Allelic genes of seed shape (round and wrinkled) are present on another homologous pair

Parents homozygous for yellow and round seeds produce gametes of chromosome(Y)&(R).

Parents homozygous for green & wrinkled seeds produce gametes of chromosome(y)&(r)

Cross pollination results in formation of F1 heterozygous having genotype YyRr

F1 heterozygous parents produce 4 types of gametes having YR, Yr, yR, yr genes

These fuse to rise F2 generation with dihybrid ratio 9:3:3:1


Drosophila melanogaster as Experimental material:
• The chromosomal theory was experimentally verified by Thomas Hunt
Morgan (father of experimental genetics).
• He chosen the Drosophila melanogaster(Jackpot of Genetics) as experimental
material.
• Drosophila melanogaster is a fruit fly of about 2mm size.
• It is found over ripe fruits like mango and banana.
• Its life cycle is about 2 weeks
• The female fly has larger body size than male.
• Ovipositor (egg-laying structure) is present in female.
• Sex chromosomes of Male-(XY) Female-(XX)

Male Female
Reason for choosing Drosophila melanogaster :
1.It is easily available.
2.It could be grown on simple synthetic medium in laboratory.
3.It has short life cycle, so large no. of generations are obtained in a
single year.
4.A single can produce hundreds of offspring.
5.Female are easily distinguishable.
6.It has 4 pairs of morphologically distinct chromosomes.
7.It has many types of heredity variations.
8.It has heteromorphic(dissimilar) sex chromosomes.
9.Breeding of Drosophila melanogaster is quite cheap.
Question
Time
1.Which Chromosome of fruit fly determines the eye colour ?
A)13 B)15 C)17 D)11
Answer:
B)15

2.“Genes are repeating unit of chromosomes”. True or False

Answer:
False
3.Which of the following statement for Chromosomal Theory of
Inheritance is INCORRECT ?

A) Pairing and separation of a pair of chromosomes would lead to the


segregation of a factor they carried.
B) Behaviour of chromosomes is parallel to the behaviour of genes.
C) The two alleles of a gene pair located on homologous sites on
homologous chromosomes
D) Chromosomes as well as genes occur in pairs.

Answer :
A) Pairing and separation of a pair of chromosomes would lead to the
segregation of a factor they carried.
4.Which of the following reason for choosing Drosophila melanogaster is
INCORRECT according to Thomas Hunt Morgan ?

Reason 1: Drosophila melanogaster has 4 pairs of morphologically


distinct chromosomes.
Reason 2: Breeding of Drosophila melanogaster cost too much.
Reason 3: It cannot be grown on simple synthetic medium in laboratory.
Reason 4: Male and female are easily distinguishable.

A)Both 1 and 2 B)Only 4


C)Both 2 and 3 D)None of these

Answer:
C)Both 2 and 3
5.All genes located on the same chromosome

A)From different groups depending upon their relative distance


B) Form interactive groups that affect the phenotype
C)Will not form any linkage groups
D)Form one linkage group

Answer:
D)Form one linkage group
6.Which of the following statement is CORRECT for unrecognised
works of Mendel ?
1.His mathematical and statistical analysis was not accepted.
2.Due to the advancement in Microscopy cell division were observed.
3.Non-discovery of chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis at that time.
4.His mathematical and statistical analysis was accepted by
contemporaries.

A)Both 1 and 3 B)Both 2 and 4


C)Only 1 D)All of these

Answer:
A)Both 1 and 3
7.Which of the following is INCORRECT about Genes and
Chromosomes ?

A) Both are transferred from generation to generation without any


change.
B) Both of them are composed of only RNA
C) Both segregate during gamete formation.
D) Both of them don't follow the Law of Segregation.

Answer:
B)Both of them are composed of only RNA
8.Which of the following statement is not true ?

A) Walter Sutton observed separation of chromosomes during meiosis.


B) Boveri observed embryo don’t develop in urchins with chromosome
C) Chromosome theory was proposed in 1902
D) None of these

Answer:
B) Boveri observed embryo don’t develop in urchins with chromosome
Presented by
• S.Hasin
• Sakthi Samyuktha
• R.Sivanikharika
• S.Srinithi
• V.S.Udhaya Amirtha Prabha
• L.Senthil Kumar
• J.Jack Jayaraj
• B.Sailesh
• K.M.Jothi Madeswar

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