Amity School of Engineering and Technology

Number System
 Number System

• Decimal Number System

• Binary Number System
• Octal Number System
• HexaDecimal Number System

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 Decimal Number System

• The number system that we use in our

day-to-day life is the decimal number
system. Decimal number system has base
10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9.
• In decimal number system, the successive
positions to the left of the decimal point
represents units, tens, hundreds,
thousands and so on.

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 Decimal Number System
• Each position represents a specific power
of the base (10).
• For example, the decimal number 1234
consists of the digit 4 in the unit's position,
3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds
position, and 1 in the thousands position,
and its value can be written as
=((4 × 1) + (3 × 10) + (2 × 100) + (1 × 1000))
=1234
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 Binary Number System
• Uses two digits, 0 and 1.
• Also called base 2 number system
• Each position in a binary number
represents a 0 power of the base (2).
• Example: 20
• Last position in a binary number
represents an x power of the base (2).
• Example: 2x where x represents the last
position - 1.
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 Octal Number System
• Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
• Also called base 8 number system
• Each position in an octal number
represents a 0 power of the base (8).
Example: 80
• Last position in an octal number
represents an x power of the base (8).
• Example: 8x where x represents the last
position - 1.
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 Hexadecimal Number System
• Uses 10 digits and 6 letters,
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
• Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A =
10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.
• Also called base 16 number system.
• Each position in a hexadecimal number
represents a 0 power of the base (16). Example
160.
• Last position in a hexadecimal number
represents an x power of the base (16). Example
16x where x represents the last position - 1.
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 Values of Each Digit
• A value of each digit in a number can be determined
using
• The digit
• The position of the digit in the number
• The base of the number system (where base is defined
as the total number of digits available in the number
system).
 Number System
S.No. Number System Base Digits
1 Decimal number system 10 0-9
2 Binary Number System 2 0-1

3 Octal Number System 8 0-7

4 Hexa Decimal Number 16 0-9 & A-F

System Numeric
Equivalent
A-10
B-11
C-12
D-13
E-14
F-15

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 Number System Conversions

• Binary ()2 to Decimal ()10

• Octal ()8 to Decimal ()10
• Hexa Decimal ()16 to Decimal ()10

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Binary ()2 to Decimal ()10
• In the binary number
system, the weight of
each digit increases
by a factor of  2
• First digit has a
weight of  1 ( 20 ), the
second digit has a
weight of  2 ( 21 and
so on.

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 Binary ()2 to Decimal ()10
• (10101)2 to ()10
Step 1: Multiply each digit by base from LSB and take power starting

from 0

=((1 × 20) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 22) + (0 × 23) + (1

× 24))10
Step 2: Perform the mathematical calculation

=((1 × 1) + (0) + (1 × 4) + (0) + (1 × 16)) 10

=((1) + (0) + (4) + (0) + (16))10
=(21)10 12
Binary ()2 to Decimal ()10
• Fractional digits to the
right of the binary
point have respective
weightings
• The weightings are
negative powers of
two, creating a binary
fraction i.e. 2-1, 2-2, 2-3,
2-4

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 Binary ()2 to Decimal ()10

• (1101.0111)2 to ()10
1101.0111 = (1×23) + (1×22) + (0×21) + (1×20)
 + (0×2-1) + (1×2-2) + (1×2-3) + (1×2-4)
 = 8 + 4 + 0  + 1 + 0 + 1/4 + 1/8  + 1/16
 = 8 + 4 + 0  + 1 + 0 + 0.25 + 0.125  + 0.062
5 
= 13.437510

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 Binary ()2 to Decimal ()10

• (1011.111)2 to ()10
1011.111 = (1×23) + (1×21) + (1×20) +(1×2-
1
) + (1×2-2) + (1×2-3)
= 8 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.125 = 11.87510

• 11.001 = (1×21) + (1×20) + (1×2-
3
) = 2 + 1 + 0.125 = 3.12510

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Octal ()8 to Decimal ()10
• Base of an Octal
Numbers system
is 8 (base-8)
• octal number system
uses only eight digits
(0 through 7)

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 Octal ()8 to Decimal ()10

• (232)8 to ()10
 =( 2×82 ) + ( 3×81 ) +  ( 2×80)
=2x64 + 3x8 + 2x1
=128+24+2 =154
• (1576)8 to ()10
=1x8 3
 + 5x8 2
 + 7x8 1
 + 6x80

=
1x512 + 5x64 + 7x8 + 6x1
=512 + 320 + 56 + 6 = 894
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Octal ()8 to Decimal ()10

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 Octal ()8 to Decimal ()10

• (7.12172)8 to (?)10
= (7×80)+ (1×8-1) + (2×8-2) + (1×8-3)+  (7×8-
4
) + (2×8-5)
=7+0.125+0.03125+0.001953125+0.001708
984375+0.00006103515624
=10.1599..
=10.16(approx.)

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 Octal ()8 to Decimal ()10

• (152.54)8 to (?)10
= (1 × 8²) + (5 × 8¹) + (2 × 8⁰) + (5 × 8⁻¹) +
(4 × 8⁻²)
=1 ×64 +5 ×8+2 ×1+5 ×0.125+4 ×0.015625
=106.6875

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 Hexa Decimal ()16 to
Decimal ()10
• (AB34)₁₆ = (?)₁₀
= (10 × 16³) + (11 × 16²) + (3 × 16¹) + (4 ×
16⁰)
=(10 × 4096) + (11 × 256) + (3 × 16) + (4 ×
1)
=40960+2816+48+4
= (43828)₁₀

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 Hexa Decimal ()16 to
Decimal ()10
• (AB34)₁₆ = (?)₁₀
= (10 × 16³) + (11 × 16²) + (3 × 16¹) + (4 ×
16⁰)
=(10 × 4096) + (11 × 256) + (3 × 16) + (4 ×
1)
=40960+2816+48+4
= (43828)₁₀

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 Hexa Decimal ()16 to
Decimal ()10
( EF.B1)16= ( ? )10
=E x 161 + F x 160 +  B x 16-1 + 1 x 16-2  
= 14 x 16  + 15 x 1 +  11 x ( 1 / 16 ) + 1 x
( 1 / 256 )  
= 224   + 15 . ( 0. 6 8 7 5 ) +  ( 0 . 0 0 3 9 0 6
2 5 ) 
= 239  +  0. 6914
= 239 . 691406
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 Test Your Understanding
• (10111.1101)2 to ()10
• (247.35)8 to ()10
• (A214.9E)16 to ()10

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 Number System Conversions

• Decimal ()10 to Binary ()2

• Decimal ()10 to Octal ()8
• Decimal ()10 to Hexa Decimal ()16

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 Decimal ()10 to Binary ()2

• Write down the decimal number and

continually divide-by-2 (two) to give a
result and a remainder of either a “1” or a
“0” until the final result equals zero.

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 Decimal ()10 to Binary ()2

• Convert =

• =(

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 Decimal ()10 to Binary ()2

• =
Step-1 Begin with the decimal fraction and
multiply by 2. The whole number part of the
result is the first binary digit to the right of
the point.
.625 x 2 = 1.25, the first binary digit to the
right of the point is a 1. So far, we have .625
= .1??? . 

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 Decimal ()10 to Binary ()2

 Step-2 Discard the whole number part of

the previous result (1 in this case) and
multiply by 2 once again
.25 x 2 = 0.50
So,.625 = .10??

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 Decimal ()10 to Binary ()2

Step -3 Discard the whole number part of

the previous result (.50 in this case) and
multiply by 2 once again
.50 x 2 = 1.00
So,.625 = .101?
We are finished in Step 3, because we had
0 as the fractional part of our result there.
So, =
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 Decimal ()10 to Binary ()2

Infinite Binary Fractions

Covert =
Step1. .1 x 2 = 0.2
Step 2. .2 x 2 = 0.4
Step 3. .4 x 2 = 0.8
Step 4. .8 x 2 = 1.6
Step 5. .6 x 2 = 1.2

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 Decimal ()10 to Binary ()2

Infinite Binary Fractions

Step 6. We multiply by 2 once again,
discarding the whole number part of the
previous result. Notice that this next step to
be performed (multiply .2 x 2) is exactly the
same action we had in step 2.
In other words, we will never get a 0 as the
decimal fraction part of our result. Instead
we will just cycle through steps 2-5 forever. 
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 Decimal ()10 to Binary ()2

Infinite Binary Fractions

 So, =

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 Decimal ()10 to Octal ()8

=
Step 1 Divide 567 by 8
Step 2 Continue dividing the quotient by 8
until you get a quotient of zero
Step 3 Finally write the remainders in the
reverse order to get octal equivalent of
decimal number 567

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 Decimal ()10 to Octal ()8

Hence, by continuously dividing the decimal

number by 8 we get

So,=
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 Decimal ()10 to Octal ()8

• To convert a decimal fraction to octal,

multiply by 8;
• the integer part of the result is the first digit
of the octal fraction.
• Repeat the process with the fractional part
of the result, until it is null or within
acceptable error bounds.

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 Decimal ()10 to Octal ()8

• =
×8=1.3125
0.3125×8=2.5
0.5×8=4.0
So, =

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 Decimal ()10 to Octal ()8

• =
=
0.16×8=1.28
0.28×8=2.24
0.24×8=1.92
0.92×8=7.36
0.36×8=2.88
So, =
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 Decimal ()10 to Hexa
Decimal ()16
• First, divide the decimal number by 16,
• Keep aside the remainder left.
• Again divide the quotient by 16 and repeat
till you get the quotient value equal to
zero.
• Now take the values of the remainder’s in
the reverse order to get the hexadecimal
numbers.

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 Decimal ()10 to Hexa
Decimal ()16
=

 Read from the bottom (MSB) to top (LSB)

as 3C0
=

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 Decimal ()10 to Hexa
Decimal ()16
• To convert a decimal fraction to
hexadecimal, multiply by 16;
• The integer part of the result is the first
digit of the hexadecimal fraction.
• Repeat the process with the fractional part
of the result, until it is null or within
acceptable error bounds.

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 Decimal ()10 to Hexa
Decimal ()16
=
1. 0.06640625 x 16=1.0625
2. 0.0625 x 16 =1.0
3. 0 x 16=0.0

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 Test Your Understanding

• (296.5)10 to ()2
• (813.24)10 to ()8
• (479.36)10 to ()16

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Octal ()8 to Binary ()2

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 Binary ()2 to Octal ()8

• Starting from the LSB, make groups of

three bits.
• If there are one or two bits less in making
the groups, 0s can be added after the
MSB
• Convert each group into its equivalent
octal number

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 Binary ()2 to Octal ()8

So, (010110010101)2 =(2625)8

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 Octal ()8 to Binary ()2

• (145)8=(?)2
=(001 100 101)8
=(1100101)8
• (352.563)8=(?)2
=(011 101 010.101 110 011)2
=(011101010.101110011)2

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 Test your Understanding

• (234.56)8=(?)2
• (124.05)8=(?)2

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Hexadecimal Number
Hexadecimal Binary
Number Number
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
E 1110
F 1111
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 Binary to Hexadecimal

• Starting from the LSB make groups of four

bits.
• If there are one or two bits less in making
the groups, 0s can be added after MSB.
• Convert each group into its equivalent
octal number.

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 Binary to Hexadecimal

= (1010101101001) 2

= (1 0101 0110 1001) 2

= (0001 0101 0110 1001) 2

= (1 5 6 9) 16

= (1569) 16

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 001100101.110111 into hexadecimal number

= (001100101.110111)
= (0 0110 0101 . 1101 1100)
2

= (0110 0101 . 1101 1100)

2

= (6 5 . D C) = (65.DC)
2 16 16
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 Hexa decimal()16 to Binary ()2

• (2C1)16 = (001011000001)2
• (9DB2)16 = (1001110110110010)2

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 Test your Understanding

• (234.56)16=(?)2
• (124.05)16=(?)2

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 Binary Arithmetic

• The arithmetic of binary numbers means
the operation of binary
addition, binary subtraction, binary multi
plication and binary division.

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 Binary Addition

• There are four steps in binary addition

they are written below
• 0+0=0
• 0+1=1
• 1+0=1
• 1 + 1 = 0 (carry 1 to the next significant bit)

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Example

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 Example

• 10111 + 110001=?
• 1011001 + 111010=?

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 Binary Subtraction

• Rules
0-0=0
1-0=1
1-1=0
0 - 1 = 1 with a borrow of 1

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60
 Example

• 1110110-1010111

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1110110-1010111

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 Example

• 100010110 − 1111010 = 10011100:

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 Example

• Subtract 11010.101 from 101100.011

        1 0 1 1 0 0 . 0 1 1

           1 1 0 1 0 . 1 0 1

           1 0 0 0 1 . 1 1 0

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 Binary Multiplication

• The rules of binary multiplication are:

0×0=0
0×1=0
1×0=0
1 × 1 = 1 [No borrow or carry method is
applicable here]

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 Example

• 9×5 (1001 × 101)

1 0 0 1
× 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1

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 Binary Division

• The main rules of the binary division

include:
• 1÷1 = 1
• 1÷0 = 0
• 0÷1 = Meaningless
• 0÷0 = Meaningless

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Example

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 Binary Number
Representation
• Unsigned Representation
• Signed Representation

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 Unsigned Representation

• Non negative numbers can be represented

• No>=0
• Negative numbers cannot be represented

Signed representation
• All integers can be represented
• Nos can be positive, negative or zero

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 Ways to Represent
Signed Numbers
• Sign and magnitude (SNM)
• 1’s complement
• 2’s complement

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72
 Example
Decimal Unsigned Sign and 1’s 2’s
Number Magnitude complement complement(
1’s
complement
+1)
+10 1010 0 1010 0 1010 0 1010
-10 … 1 1010 1 0101 1 0110
(shown in
table)
- 25 (6-bit 1 11001 1 00110 1 00111
required)
+ 25 11001 0 11001 0 11001 0 11001

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 Range of Example
From To
Unsigned (total 8 0 7
representation)
Sign and Magnitude -3 +3
(total 7 distinct value, 0
repeated)
1’s complement (total 7 -3 +3
distinct value, 0
repeated)

2’s complement (all 8 -4 +3

representation)

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 8-bit Number

• =256
Unsigned-0 to 255
Signed and Magnitude- -127 to +127
1’s complement- -127 to +127
2’s complement- -128 to +127
• =1024
Unsigned-0 to 1023
Signed and Magnitude- -511 to +511
1’s complement- -511 to +511
2’s complement- -512 to 511
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 More Examples
Decimal Unsigned Sign and 1’s 2’s
Number Magnitude complement complement(
1’s
complement
+1)
+ 50 110010 0 110010 0 110010 0 110010
- 50 Cannot be 1 110010 1 001101 1 001110
represented
8 1000 0 1000 0 1000 0 1000
-8 1 1000 1 0111 1 1100
+31 11111 0 11111 0 11111 0 11111
-31 1 11111 1 00000 1 00001

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 References
 ANSI 89 – American National Standards Institute, American
National Standard for Information Systems Programming
Language C, 1989.
 Kernighan 78 – B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, The C
Programming Language, Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ,
1978. Second edition, 1988.
 Thinking 90 – C* Programming Guide, Thinking Machines
Corp. Cambridge Mass., 1990.
 Programming in ANSI C, E. Balagurusamy. McGrawHill
 Let Us C, Yashvant Kanetkar, BPB Publications
 Programming in C, Reema Thareja, Oxford University Press

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Thank You