HUMAN

VARIATION
• Human - are highly intelligent primates that have become the dominant
species on Earth.

• Variation - differences within a species, variation may be defined as the

differences among the individual of the same species. Intra specific variation
among the different genera.

• Human variability, or human variation, - is the range of possible values for

any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings. Frequently debated
areas of variability include cognitive ability, personality, physical appearance
 (body shape, skin color, etc.) and immunology. Variability is partly heritable
 and partly acquired (nature vs. nurture debate).
NATIONALITY & ETHNICITY

The concepts of nationality and ethnicity are

not interchangeable. Both, however, are
capable of informing an individual’s behavior
and habits due to set of cultural norms that
each category provides.
NATIONALITY
Identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country.
Group of people who share the same history, traditions,
and language.
Who inhabits a particular territory delineated by a
political border and controlled by a government.
NATURALIZATION – Nationality can be acquired by being
born in a country or by the process of legal application.
If one is born in the Philippines, he or she is called
Filipino citizen.
ETHNIC GROUPS
” Within a nation are smaller cultural groups that share
specific environments, traditions, and histories that are
not necessarily subscribed to by the mainstream culture.
” There are about 180 indigenous ethnic groups in the
Philippines and more than 100 tribal groups who are
mostly in habiting ancestral domains in the lowland,
upland, and coastal areas.
ETHNIC GROUPS

” Apart from the varying cultural backgrounds and ethnicity,

human populations also experience SOCIAL DIFFERENCES:
” Categories on gender
” Socioeconomic class (Social class and Economic status)
” Political identity
” Religion
GENDER
Refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors,
activities, and attributes that a given society considers
appropriate for men and women.
SEX
Biological characteristic of human such as male or female, gender
categories are more varied, accommodating identities such as
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI),
among others.
GENDER IDENTITIES
HETEROSEXUAL (The most common)
 A person with this gender is inclined to be sexually attracted to a person of the
opposite sex.
HOMOSEXUAL
 When a person is sexually attracted to a person or the same sex.
GAY
 A male who is romantically and sexually attracted to another male.
 LESBIAN
 A female who is romantically and sexually attracted to another female.
GENDER IDENTITIES
 BISEXUAL
 There are some individuals who are attracted to both sexes (male &
female).
 ASEXUAL
 There are some totally incapable of being attracted to any sex.
 POLYSEXUAL
 Individuals who are attracted to multiple types of gender identity.
 PANSEXUAL
 Who accommodate all types of gender.
GENDER IDENTITIES
 TRANSGENDER
 There sexual orientation is not related to their genitalia, which allow them
to identify with any other type of gender such as heterosexual,
homosexual, pansexual, bisexual, and asexual.
 TRANSEXUAL
 These individuals believe that the discord between their internal gender
and the gender role that they have to perform can be addressed through
medical sexual reassignment.
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
ë The concept of socioeconomic class varies between societies as
the ideas associated with being poor or rich differ based on the
collective experiences of individuals.
ë People falling into different social classes are bound to experience
life differently such as in the form of transportation and the type
and amount of food that they can afford and consume daily.
ë The typical determinants of one’s social status include income,
value of assets and savings, cultural interests and hobbies, and
economic status of his or her peers and relatives.
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
ë In Great Britain, a new survey revealed the fragmentation of the British traditional
three-class system which includes the UPPER, MIDDLE, and WORKING CLASSES, to
the seven-class system: “elite, established middle class, technical middle class, new
affluent workers, traditional working class, emergent service workers, and the
precariat”(Smith, 2013).
ë In the Philippines, our indicators of social class are different, given the economic
and political context in which our country is in. Although government surveys take
into account the factors enumerated earlier such as income and value of assets,
Filipinos often describe their social class in personalized contexts.
ë When you ask a Filipino what his or her social class is, the response can be:
MAHIRAP, MEDYO MAYAMAN, SAKTO LANG, MAYAMAN, and the like.
POLITICAL IDENTITY
U Set of attitudes and practices that an individual adheres to in relation
to the political systems and actors within his or her society.
POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
U Ang Ladlad – a party that negotiates for the welfare of the LGBTQI
community.
U Kabataan – a party that promotes youth empowerment.
U This are examples of how sectors in our society use their identities as
political to negotiate their needs.
RELIGION

The earliest forms of religion revolved around making sense of natural

occurrences such as extreme weather conditions, natural and man-
made calamities, sickness, and even death.
MONOTHEISTIC
 Believing in the existence of one god.
POLYTHEISTIC
 Believing in the existence of multiple gods.
EXCEPTIONALITY/NON-
EXCEPTIONALITY
The concept of exceptionality leans on the non-average capacity of an
individual.
This could be understood in a spectrum of capabilities, wherein you
have the geniuses in one extreme and you have the disabled and
challenged in the other extreme.
Issues relating to both statuses can range from having fewer
employment opportunities due to being physically disabled to not
reaching one’s full capacity due to the lack of advanced mechanisms
to support an exceptional talent.
CULTURAL VARIATION
• The variation of human conditions promotes diversity and plurality in
cultural traditions. This could be lead to discrimination and ostracism.

ETHNOCENTRISM
• Perspective that promotes an individual’s culture as the most efficient and
superior.
• Individual who exhibits ethnocentrism feels that his or her culture is the most
appropriate as compared to other cultures.
• This perspective evaluates a particular culture based n the observer’s
understanding of the other, which is often problematic, given the bias of the
observer due to his or her own culture’s preconditioning.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
• Promotes the perspective that cultures must be understood in the context of
their localilty.
• Using this perspective makes you tolerant of the differing attitudes and practices
of others.
• A characteristic that is essential to a highly globalized world that we live in.

FERRARO & ANDRETTA

• Advocate a more culturally relative approach to understanding other human
groups.
• They said that one can build emotional resilience by understanding that
others do not necessarily mean to offend, but that their actions are guided by
their own cultural norms.
RACE
 Was used as a form of human classification that was based on observable
human traits and characteristics.
 Some of the earlier categories include Caucasoid, Australoid, Mongoloid, and
Negroid. These categories merely reflect the differences in skin color, size of
skull, height body frame, and other physical characteristics.
 The clear delineation among these categories is blurr by the constant
intermarriages among people of various ethnic origins producing offspring who
possess mixed traits of the parents.
 In the Philippines, an individual whose parents have differing ethno-biological
backgrounds is often dubbed as a MESTIZA (Female) or a MESTIZO (Male).
RACE
û Due to the social contexts associated with racial groups, discrimination
was further exacerbated.
û From racial slurs to unequal access, and to benefits and opportunities,
racism creates a deep social cleavage that further marginalizes the
subjects of racial oppression.
û In a 2013 study of the Pew Research Center – all black men were six
times as likely as all white men to be incarcerated.
û Economic conditioning creates ripples in other facets of their life,
which include lesser access to good education, poor housing
conditions, and lesser to no access to health care systems.
RACE
û Filipinos have also been subject to various forms of racism, having
been subjected to three major colonizing powers (Spanish,
American, and Japanese). These forms of racism include
segregated spaces, disqualification from potential work despite
qualifications, and inaccessibility of quality education.
û BIOLOGICAL EGALITARIANISM among humans to prevent further
racism. This perspective promotes the equality of our biological
makeup despite our ancestry.