Module 1.
1
Introduction to CN
1.1
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
Effectiveness of data transfer:
Delivery
Accuracy
Timeliness
1.2
Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system
1.3
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
1.4
1-2 NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
Network Describes:
Network Criteria
Physical Structures
Categories of Networks
1.5
Network Criteria
Performance
Depends on Network Elements
Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
Transit time and response time
Reliability
Failure rate of network components
Measured in terms of availability/robustness
Security
Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
Errors
Malicious users
1.6
Physical Structures
Type of Connection
Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
Physical Topology
Connection of devices
Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast
1.7
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
1.8
Figure 1.4 Categories of topology
1.9
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
N(N-1)/2
1.10
Advantages of Mesh Topology : Disadvantages of Mesh Topology :
•Failure during a single device won’t •It’s costly as compared to the
break the network. opposite network topologies i.e. star,
•There is no traffic problem as there is bus, point to point topology.
a dedicated point to point links for •Installation is extremely difficult in
every computer. the mesh.
•Fault identification is straightforward. •Power requirement is higher as all
•This topology provides multiple paths the nodes will need to remain active
to succeed in the destination and tons all the time and share the load.
of redundancy. •Complex process.
•It provides high privacy and security. •The cost to implement mesh is
•Data transmission is more consistent above other selections.
because failure doesn’t disrupt its •There is a high risk of redundant
processes. connections.
•Adding new devices won’t disrupt data •Each node requires a further utility
transmissions. cost to think about.
•This topology has robust features to •Maintenance needs are challenging
beat any situation. with a mesh.
•A mesh doesn’t have a centralized
authority.
Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations
1.12
Advantages of Star Topology Disadvantages of Star Topology
•It is very reliable – if one cable or •Requires more cable than a linear
device fails then all the others will still bus .
•If the connecting network device
work
(network switch) fails, nodes attached
•It is high-performing as no data
are disabled and can’t participate in
collisions can occur network communication.
•Less expensive because each device •More expensive than linear bus
only need one I/O port and wishes to topology due to the value of the
be connected with hub with one link. connecting devices (network
•Easier to put in switches)
•Robust in nature •If hub goes down everything goes
•Easy fault detection because the link down, none of the devices can work
without hub.
are often easily identified. •Hub requires more resources and
•No disruptions to the network when regular maintenance because it’s the
connecting or removing devices. central system of star .
•Each device requires just one port i.e. •Extra hardware is required (hubs or
to attach to the hub. switches) which adds to cost
•If N devices are connected to every •Performance is predicated on the
other in star, then the amount of cables one concentrator i.e. hub.
required to attach them is N. So, it’s
easy to line up.
A tree topology connecting three stations
A bus topology connecting three stations
1.16
A ring topology connecting six stations
1.17
Figure 1.10 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
1.18
Advantage and Disadvantage
Advantages Disadvantages
Bus topology is not suitable for detection of faults in the
Bus topology is good for small networks
network nodes
Ring topology is an organised network where each In ring topology, data transfer takes place through each and
node transmits data equally every node to pass from one node to another
For heavy traffic we can use the mesh topology to
Mesh topology required too many wirings
transmit the data
Star topology have centralised nature for simple
Setup cost of star topology is high
operations
With the help of tree topology, we can easily identify
Maintenance of tree topology is quite difficult
the faults
1.19
Types of Computer Networks
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
4. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
5. Campus Area Network (CAN)
6. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
7. Storage Area Network (SAN)
8. System-Area Network (SAN)
9. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)
10. Enterprise Private Network (EPN)
11. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
12. Home Area Network (HAN)
PAN
PAN is the most basic type of computer network. This network is
restrained to a single person, that is, communication between the
computer devices is centred only to an individual’s work space. PAN
offers a network range of 10 meters from a person to the device
providing communication.
Examples of PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc
2. Local Area Network (LAN) :
LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a computer network that
connects computers together through a common communication path,
contained within a limited area, that is, locally. A LAN encompasses two or
more computers connected over a server. The two important technologies
involved in this network are Ethernet and Wi-fi.
Examples of LAN are networking in a home, school, library, laboratory, college,
office, etc.
3. Wide Area Network (WAN) :
WAN is a type of computer network that connects computers over a large geographical
distance through a shared communication path. It is not restrained to a single location but
extends over many locations. WAN can also be defined as a group of local area networks
that communicate with each other.
The most common example of WAN is the Internet.
4. Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN) :
WLAN is a type of computer network that
acts as a local area network but makes use
of wireless network technology like Wi-Fi.
This network doesn’t allow devices to
communicate over physical cables like in
LAN but allows devices to communicate
wirelessly.
The most common example of WLAN is
Wi-Fi.
5- Campus area
Network
A campus area
network (CAN) is a
computer network that
spans a limited
geographic area. CANs
interconnect multiple
local area networks (LAN)
within an educational or
corporate campus.
6. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) :
A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This is the type of computer network
that connects computers over a geographical distance through a shared communication
path over a city, town or metropolitan area.
Examples of MAN are networking in towns, cities, a single large city, large area within
multiple buildings, etc.
7. Storage Area Network (SAN) :
SAN is a type of computer network that is high speed and connects groups of
storage devices to several servers. This network does not depend on LAN or WAN..
Instead, a SAN moves the storage resources from the network to its own high-
powered network. A SAN provides access to block-level data storage.
Examples of SAN are a network of disks accessed by a network of servers.
8. System Area Network (SAN) :
A SAN is a type of computer network that connects a cluster of high- performance
computers. It is a connection-oriented and high bandwidth network. A SAN is a type of
LAN that handles high amounts of information in large requests. This network is useful for
processing applications that require high network performance. Microsoft SQL Server
2005 uses SAN through virtual interface adapter.
9. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN) :
A POLAN is a type of computer network which is an alternative to a LAN. POLAN uses
optical splitters to split an optical signal from a single strand of single mode optical fibre to
multiple signals to distribute users and devices. In short, POLAN is a point to multipoint LAN
architecture.
10. Enterprise Private Network (EPN) :
EPN is a type of computer network mostly used by businesses that want a secure
connection over various locations to share computer resources.
11. Virtual Private Network (VPN) :
A VPN is a type of computer network that extends a private network across the
internet and lets the user send and receive data as if they were connected to a
private network even though they are not. Through a virtual point-to-point
connection users can access a private network remotely. VPN protects you from
malicious sources by operating as a medium that gives you a protected network
connection
12. Home Area Network (HAN) :
Many of the houses might have more than a computer. To interconnect those computers
and with other peripheral devices, a network should be established similar to the local area
network (LAN) within that home. Such a type of network that allows a user to interconnect
multiple computers and other digital devices within the home is referred to as Home Area
Network (HAN). HAN encourages sharing of resources, files, and programs within the
network. It supports both wired and wireless communication.
Categories of Networks
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Short distances
Designed to provide local inter connectivity
PAN
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Long distances
Provide connectivity over large areas
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus
1.33
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
1.35
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
1.36
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
1.37
1-3 THE INTERNET
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily
lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
Topics discussed in this section:
Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
1.38
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet
1.39
Figure 1-1
Internet today
1-4 PROTOCOLS
A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of
rules that govern data communications. It determines
what is communicated, how it is communicated and when
it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are
syntax, semantics and timing
Topics discussed in this section:
Syntax
Semantics
Timing
1.41
Elements of a Protocol
Syntax
Structure or format of the data
Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
Semantics
Interprets the meaning of the bits
Knows which fields define what action
Timing
When data should be sent and
What speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is
being received.
1.42
Standards
Standards are developed through the cooperation of standards
creation committees, forums, and government regulatory
agencies.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Telecommunication Union
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
Electronic Industries Association (EIA).
1.43
OSI Reference Model
Ref: https://community.fs.com/blog/tcpip-vs-osi-whats-the-difference-between-the-two-models.html
Questions
• How to remember sequence of OSI ?
PDNTSPA
• IP Address belongs to layer 2 ?
• TCP belongs to layer 4 ?
• Is application layer user dependent?
