Lecture1
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علی احمدLecture1
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علی احمدNetwork Science
“As a net is made up of a series of ties, so everything in this world is
connected by a series of ties. If anyone thinks that the mesh of a net
is an independent, isolated thing, he is mistaken. It is called a net
because it is made up of a series of interconnected meshes, and each
mesh has its place and responsibility in relation to other meshes”.
Buddha
Introduction
A network is composed of two things, namely nodes and links.
The nodes characterize the components which constitute the network and links
express the relation or connectivity patterns between the nodes (Newman 2002).
node
edge
The commonly accepted definition of complex system is ”a system consisting of
many interacting units whose collective behavior cannot be explained from the behavior
of the individual units alone” (Gonza´lez, 2006).
A Complex Network is a network with non-trivial topological features, with patterns of
connection between their elements that are neither purely regular nor purely random.
Introduction (Cont….)
The science of networks seeks to understand how the patterns and dynamics of interactions between the
elements of a system contribute to the behavior of the system as a whole, how networks form and break down,
and how they can be controlled.
There are many different complex systems in the world which can be represented as complex networks.
Therefore, from the last decade in the field of complex systems researchers have been trying to model and
analyze very large complex systems as networks to get more comprehensive findings about their internal working
mechanism and overall behavior.
It has become possible due to the availability of huge amount of data with the tremendous storage capacity of
modern computers.
And the high processing speed has permitted analysis on that data on a scale far larger than previously possible.
Introduction (Cont….)
This is the reason, network modeling and analysis has become very effective way of
understanding these complex systems in many diverse fields of life such as sociology,
transportation, technology, disease spreading, security, biology, ecology, finance and
many more (Newman, 2010) (Easley and Kleinberg, 2010).
For example, in the category of technological networks the World Wide Web (Albert et
al., 1999) (Barabasi et al., 2000), electric power grid (Amaral et al., 2000), Internet (Chen
et al., 2002) (Goh et al., 2005), and routers connectivity (Mahesar et al., 2014) all are
complex networks.
Similarly, in social systems the examples include human sexual contacts networks
(Liljeros et al., 2001), network of friendships (Ugander et al., 2011) and covert networks
(Memon, 2012) (Fellman et al., 2015).
Introduction (Cont….)
Further, in transportation systems the examples are air transportation network (Bhadra
and Hogan, 2005), railways networks (Mohmand and Wang, 2014) and highways
networks (Chang and Li, 2014).
In ecological systems, the examples are networks of species (Bascompte and Stoup
er, 2009), (Padron et al., 2011).
Moreover, the biological and disease networks include gene regulatory networks
(Karlebach and Shamir, 2008), protein-protein interaction networks (Jaimovich, 2010),
dengue as epidemic disease network (Malik et al., 2014) (Leventhal et al., 2015) and
many more.
Hence, we can deduce that the networks are all around us.
Introduction (Cont….)
As these systems are very large and complex, it is difficult to understand these
complex systems just by only examining the separate components (nodes and links)
which constitute them.
Therefore, modeling the way these components are interconnected in a system is very
important for deeper understanding of the system as a whole.
Further, despite the enormous variation in their components, functions, and sizes,
these networks are surprisingly similar in topology, leading to the conjecture that
complex systems are governed by the ubiquitous self-organizing principle..
Air Transportation System of U.S
Organizations
Political blogs
Internet
Internet backbone Nodes: Routers and links: physical lines [source: Marc Barthemely, 2010]
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Facebook networks
New York state power grid
Transporting electricity
Node: power plants, transformers, etc,…) and links: cables
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Biological Networks
Neural networks: nodes neurons and links axons
Protein interaction networks: nodes proteins and links interactions
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Types of networks
Despite the different types of networks, which in turn are obtained from completely
different interacting systems (people, neurons, proteins, routers,...) we can see that they share
some universal properties
Have we ever thought?
How diseases are transmitted through social networks?
How computer viruses spread through the Internet rapidly?
How rumors spread fast? 15
Types of networks
There exist different classifications of networks:
According to the direction of the links: Directed/Undirected,
According to the kind of interaction: Weighted/unweighted,
According to the differences between nodes: Bipartite/ not
According to the evolution of their topology: Static/evolving
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Properties of Large-Scale Networks
• Real-world networks are typically huge,
involving millions of actors and connections
• Large-scale networks in real-world demonstrate
similar patterns
—Scale-free distributions
—Small-world effect
—Strong Community Structure
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