Lec 4

• Networks :
• A “network” is a set of devices connected by a
media links. A “node” can be a Computer,
Printer, or any other device capable of sending
and / or receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network. The links connecting
the devices are often called communication
channels.
• Networks use “distributed processing”, in which
a task is divided among multiple computers.
• Instead of a single large machine being
responsible for all aspects of a process, each
separate computer (usually a personal
computer or workstation) handles a subset.
• Networks follow protocols, which define how
communications are sent and received.
• Network & Networking ?
• Network- a network is an interconnection of devices.
• Networking- networking is the communication
between the interconnected devices.
• Network Criteria :
• A network must be able to meet certain number of
criteria. Because it helps to improve network
functionality. The most important are Performance,
Reliability and Security.
• Performance:
• Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time and
response time.
• Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one
device to another.
• Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.
• The performance of a network depends on a number of factors, including:
– The number of users
– The type of transmission medium
– Connected hardware
– Software
• Reliability:
• In addition to accuracy of delivery, Network reliability is measured by
frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a failure, and the
network’s robustness in a catastrophe.
• “Catastrophe” – Network must be protected from catastrophic events such as
fire, earthquake, or theft.
• Security:
• Network security issues include protecting data
from unauthorised access and viruses.
• Protection can be accomplished at a number of
levels. At the lowest level are user identication
codes and password. At a higher level are
encryption techniques.
• Network is accessible from many points, it can
be susceptible to computer viruses
 Computer Network Topologies

• A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or network devices are
connected to each other. Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the
network. Both logical and physical topologies could be same or different in a same network.
• Definition of logical topology
• A type of topology that gives a virtual representation of all the nodes connected in the network.
I mean this topology explains how data is transferred in the network. For example, it explains
how data move from switches and routers.
• Logical TopologyThere are two types of logical topology:-
• 1 :Bus topology:
• 2:Ring Topology
• Example of logical topology:
• Ethernet networks
• Scanners and printers that are connected to the network
• Data movement in a client-server network
• Logical topology is used in Wide area networks also
• Also used in the metropolitan area network
• Physical Topology:
• A physical topology is how they are actually interconnected with wires and
cables. For example, in a shared Ethernet network that uses hubs rather than
switches, the logical topology appears as if every node is connected to a common
bus that runs from node to node.
• Physical topologies include:
• Bus topology
• star topology and
• tree topology
Point-to-Point
• Point-to-point networks contains exactly two hosts such as computer, switches or
routers, servers connected back to back using a single piece of cable. Often, the
receiving end of one host is connected to sending end of the other and vice-versa.
• If the hosts are connected point-to-point logically, then may have multiple
intermediate devices. But the end hosts are unaware of underlying network and
see each other as if they are connected directly.
• Bus Topology
• In case of Bus topology, all devices share single communication line or cable.Bus
topology may have problem while multiple hosts sending data at the same time.
Therefore, Bus topology either uses CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one host as
Bus Master to solve the issue. It is one of the simple forms of networking where a
failure of a device does not affect the other devices. But failure of the shared
communication line can make all other devices stop functioning.
• Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator. The data is sent in only one
direction and as soon as it reaches the extreme end, the terminator removes the
data from the line.
• Star Topology
• All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device, known as hub
device, using a point-to-point connection. That is, there exists a point to point
connection between hosts and hub. The hub device can be any of the following:
• Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater
• Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge
• Layer-3 device such as router or gateway
• As in Bus topology, hub acts as single point of failure. If hub fails, connectivity of
all hosts to all other hosts fails. Every communication between hosts, takes
place through only the hub.Star topology is not expensive as to connect one
more host, only one cable is required and configuration is simple.
• Ring Topology
• In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two other machines,
creating a circular network structure. When one host tries to communicate or
send message to a host which is not adjacent to it, the data travels through all
intermediate hosts. To connect one more host in the existing structure, the
administrator may need only one more extra cable.
• Failure of any host results in failure of the whole ring.Thus, every connection in
the ring is a point of failure. There are methods which employ one more
backup ring.
• Mesh Topology
• In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts.This topology has
hosts in point-to-point connection with every other host or may also have hosts which
are in point-to-point connection to few hosts only.
• Hosts in Mesh topology also work as relay for other hosts which do not have direct
point-to-point links. Mesh technology comes into two types:
• Full Mesh: All hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other host in the
network. Thus for every new host n(n-1)/2 connections are required. It provides the
most reliable network structure among all network topologies.
• Partially Mesh: Not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every other host. Hosts
connect to each other in some arbitrarily fashion. This topology exists where we need
to provide reliability to some hosts out of all.
• Tree Topology
• Also known as Hierarchical Topology, this is the most common form of network
topology in use presently.This topology imitates as extended Star topology and
inherits properties of bus topology.
• This topology divides the network in to multiple levels/layers of network. Mainly in
LANs, a network is bifurcated into three types of network devices. The lowermost
access-layer where computers are attached. The middle layer is known as
distribution layer, which works as mediator between upper layer and lower layer.
The highest layer is known as core layer, and is central point of the network, i.e.
root of the tree from which all nodes fork.
• All neighboring hosts have point-to-point
connection between them.Similar to the Bus
topology, if the root goes down, then the
entire network suffers even.though it is not
the single point of failure. Every connection
serves as point of failure, failing of which
divides the network into unreachable
segment.
• Daisy Chain
• This topology connects all the hosts in a linear fashion. Similar to Ring
topology, all hosts are connected to two hosts only, except the end
hosts.Means, if the end hosts in daisy chain are connected then it
represents Ring topology.
• Each link in daisy chain topology represents single point of failure. Every link
failure splits the network into two segments.Every intermediate host works
as relay for its immediate hosts.
• Hybrid Topology
• A network structure whose design contains more than
one topology is said to be hybrid topology. Hybrid
topology inherits merits and demerits of all the
incorporating topologies.
• The above picture represents an arbitrarily hybrid
topology. The combining topologies may contain
attributes of Star, Ring, Bus, and Daisy-chain topologies.
Most WANs are connected by means of Dual-Ring
topology and networks connected to them are mostly Star
topology networks. Internet is the best example of largest
Hybrid topology
 Advantages and disadvantages of network
topologies
• Advantages Of Network Topology
• We will discuss here the advantages of each type of network topology.
• Bus Topology Advantages
• It is the most appropriate for little networks.
• It is not difficult to set up, handle, and carry out.
• It costs extremely less.
• Ring Topology Advantages
• The information being communicated between two hubs goes through
every one of the moderate hubs. A focal server isn’t needed for the
administration of this topology.
• The traffic is unidirectional and the information transmission is fast.
• In contrast with transport, a ring is better at taking care of a burden.
• The adding or eliminating of network hubs is simple, as the interaction requires
changing just two associations.
• The setup makes it simple to distinguish shortcomings in network hubs.
• In this topology, every hub has the chance to communicate information.
Accordingly, it is an extremely coordinated network topology.
• It is less exorbitant than a star topology.
• Star Topology Advantages
• Because of its incorporated nature, the topology offers effortlessness of activity.
• It likewise accomplishes disconnection of every gadget in the network.
• Adding or eliminating network hubs is simple, and should be possible without
influencing the whole network.
• Because of the unified nature, it is not difficult to recognize flaws in the network
gadgets.
• As the examination of traffic is simple, the topology presents lesser security
hazards.
• Information bundles don’t need to go through numerous hubs, as on account of a
ring network. Along these lines, with the utilization of a high-limit focal center,
traffic burden can be taken care of at a genuinely good pace.
• Tree Topology Advantages
• The tree topology is valuable in situations where a star or transport
can’t be executed independently. It is most-fit in systems
administration in different branches of a college or enterprise, where
every unit (star portion) works independently, and is likewise
associated with the fundamental hub (root hub).
• The upsides of centralization that are accomplished in a star topology
are acquired by the singular star fragments in a tree network.
• Each star portion gets a committed connection from the focal
transport. Subsequently, fizzling of one portion doesn’t influence the
remainder of the network.
• Issue recognizable proof is simple.
• The network can be extended by the expansion of auxiliary hubs.
Subsequently, versatility is accomplished.
• Tree Topology Advantages
• The tree topology is valuable in situations where a star or transport can’t be
executed independently. It is most-fit in systems administration in different
branches of a college or enterprise, where every unit (star portion) works
independently, and is likewise associated with the fundamental hub (root
hub).
• The upsides of centralization that are accomplished in a star topology are
acquired by the singular star fragments in a tree network.
• Each star portion gets a committed connection from the focal transport.
Subsequently, fizzling of one portion doesn’t influence the remainder of the
network.
• Issue recognizable proof is simple.
• The network can be extended by the expansion of auxiliary hubs.
Subsequently, versatility is accomplished.
• Mesh Topology Advantages
• The course of action of the network hubs is to such an extent that it is
feasible to send information from one hub to numerous different hubs
simultaneously.
• The disappointment of a solitary hub doesn’t make the whole network
fall flat as there are substitute ways for information transmission.
• It can deal with weighty traffic, as there are devoted ways between
any two network hubs.
• Highlight point contact between each pair of hubs, makes it simple to
recognize flaws.
• Hybrid Topology Advantages
• The hybrid topology is more viable as it utilizes numerous geographies.
• The hybrid topology contains the best and effective elements of the
consolidated topologies from which it is built.
• Disadvantages Of Network Topology
• We will discuss here the advantages of each type of network
topology.
• Bus Topology Disadvantages
• It isn’t not difficult to separate issues in the network hubs.
• It is reasonable for networks with low traffic. High traffic
increments load on the transport, and the network
effectiveness drops.
• The link length is restricted. This restricts the quantity of
network hubs that can be associated.
• This network topology can perform well just for a set number
of hubs. Whenever the quantity of gadgets associated with
the transport builds, the effectiveness diminishes.
• Ring Topology Disadvantages
• The disappointment of a solitary hub in the network can make the whole
network fall flat.
• The development or changes made to organize hubs influence the whole
network’s exhibition.
• Information sent starting with one hub then onto the next needs to go
through every one of the halfway hubs. This makes the transmission more
slow in contrast with that in a star topology. The transmission speed drops
with an expansion in the quantity of hubs.
• There is weighty reliance on the wire interfacing the network hubs in the
ring.
• Star Topology Disadvantages
• Network activity relies upon the working of the focal center. Subsequently,
focal center disappointment prompts disappointment of the whole network.
• Likewise, the quantity of hubs that can be added, relies upon the limit of the
focal center.
• The arrangement cost is very high.
• Tree Topology Disadvantages
• As various fragments are associated with a focal transport, the network
relies vigorously upon the transport. Its disappointment influences the
whole network.
• Inferable from its size and intricacy, support is difficult and costs are high.
Likewise, design is troublesome in contrast with that in different
geographies.
• However it is adaptable, the quantity of hubs that can be added relies upon
the limit of the focal transport and on the link type.
• Mesh Topology Disadvantages
• The game plan wherein each network hub is associated with each and every
hub of the network, numerous associations fill no significant need. This
prompts overt repetitiveness of many network associations.
• A great deal of cabling is required. Hence, the costs caused in arrangement
and upkeep are high.
• Attributable to its intricacy, the network of a lattice network is troublesome.
• Hybrid Topology Disadvantages
• The hybrid topology is somewhat more
complicated than different geographies.
• The hybrid topology is challenging to
introduce and design.
 Comparison Table for Advantages And
Disadvantages Of Network Topology

Bus topology is not suitable for detection

Ring topology is an organised network In ring topology, data transfer takes place
through each and every node to pass from
where each node transmits data equally
one node to another

For heavy traffic we can use the mesh

Star topology have centralised nature for

With the help of tree topology, we can Maintenance of tree topology is quite
easily identify the faults difficult