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Lecture 7 &8 Agri-Inputs

The document discusses several key agricultural inputs: labor, capital, technology, water, fertilizers, and high-yielding varieties (HYVs). It describes the types and economics of agricultural labor supply in Pakistan. It also covers the need for and classification of agricultural capital. The document discusses the concepts and classification of agricultural technology and its effects on input demand. It outlines issues with water supply through canals, tube wells, and rains. Finally, it notes the problems Pakistan faces with fertilizer use, including imbalanced nutrient application and insufficient production and availability.

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145 views23 pages

Lecture 7 &8 Agri-Inputs

The document discusses several key agricultural inputs: labor, capital, technology, water, fertilizers, and high-yielding varieties (HYVs). It describes the types and economics of agricultural labor supply in Pakistan. It also covers the need for and classification of agricultural capital. The document discusses the concepts and classification of agricultural technology and its effects on input demand. It outlines issues with water supply through canals, tube wells, and rains. Finally, it notes the problems Pakistan faces with fertilizer use, including imbalanced nutrient application and insufficient production and availability.

Uploaded by

crafty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Agriculture Inputs

Labour, Capital, Technology, Water, Fertilizers, Pesticides and HYVs


DR. NABILA KHURSHID
1. Agriculture Labour

 Human Resources who are providing their physical or mental services in the
process of cultivation for remuneration represent agri-labour.
 Any person who works without payment or sells his services free of cost, he will
not be considered as agri-labour.
 Broadly, any cultivator who himself cultivates the land directly or he is engaged
in cultivation of land directly by the people who have neither capital nor land may
be given the name of agric-labour.
Properties of Agri-Labour

Lack of Skill and Technical Training

Seasonal Employment

Division of Labour

Low level of Wages as Compared to others

Diversity in Labour

Lack of Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining Power

Less Mobility

Timing and Regulation of Work


Types of Agri-Labour

Family Labour

Permanent Hired Labour

Temporary and Casual Labour


Economics of Supply of Agri-Labour

 Excessive increase in population


 Lack of employment opportunities in rural areas
 The limited industrial sector in the urban centers which check the demand of
Labour
 Severe poverty in rural areas which hampers people to get education and skill
 Due to use of capital-intensive technology like tractors, harvesters and threshers,
the supply of labour has exceeded the demand for labour.
Economics of Supply of Agri-Labour---
Continued
 Lower per acre yield result into lower incomes of farmers leading to lower investment
and lower demand for labour.
 Agricultural activities are mostly seasonal. Therefore, farmers have ample time, or
they have excess supply.
 Our Agri-sector is furnished with orthodoxy both socially as well as economically.
They lack dynamism. They are not prepared to bring changes in agri- set up.
 Water logging and salinity issue is very common. Droughts and floods badly affect the
agri-sector. Multiple cropping is very limited. So low productivity.
 In agri-sector, there are disguised unemployment
 The wages in agri-sector are far less than the wages of labour in industrial sector. So,
more poverty and less productivity.
Suggestions to remove Unemployment

 Rising population be Checked


 Cottage and small industries should be developed in rural areas
 Factor productivity in agri-sector should be increased. This will increase the
income of the farmers
 Labour intensive technologies to be followed in areas where labour is intensive
 Green revolution to restored in the country. Agri-land should be used effectively.
Use of high yielding seeds, fertilizers and pesticides to be increased.
 Fellow lands to be utilized in the country. The water-logging and salinity be
checked. The fragmentation and sub-division of holdings be stopped.
2. Agriculture Capital

 Agri-capital not only include money possessed by farmers but also those
instruments and equipment's which are helpful to produce agricultural goods.
a) Agri-instruments
b) Agri-machinery and its related goods
c) cattle and other livestock
d) Seed,feed and grains
e) Fertilizers
f) Warehouses, water courses, roads and hedge
Classification of Agricultural Capital

Fixed capital which is required for roads and irrigation. With the help
of such capital the farmers can bring permanent type of improvement
in their lands

The intermediate capital which is used to purchase the instruments


like tractors, tube-wells and cattle. These instruments are mostly the
expensive one.

The current capital which is required to purchase seeds, fertilizers,


cattle, feed chemicals and wages of labour etc.
Need and Importance of Capital for
Agri-Sector
 Proper Utilization of land
 To boost agri-production
 Farm Management
 Commercial Farming
 Social and Economic Change
 Technical Changes
 Intensive use of land
Supply of Capital

In Pakistan supply of capital is very short, as the income of the farmers is very
limited leading to meagre savings. Therefore, they have scanty of capital to meet their
expenditures. So, ultimately, they are unable to bring permanent changes on the
lands. They must go to shopkeepers, and landlords to get the necessary amount of
capital. They nor only charge the heavy interest, but they also exploit the poor
farmers. In such circumstances the poor farmer fail to make adequate amount of
investment on the farms. The farmers always remain indebted. They have to make
lots of social expenditures, and they have nothing for capital formation. Big farmers
with help of saving and borrowed money are in position to utilize their lands
optimally, while reverse is the case with small farmers.
3. Agriculture
Technology
Introduction

 Technology means application of knowledge and tools for achieving the


envisaged goals goals/objectives
 Technological changes in agric-ulture means improve cultivation practices by
following the new production technologies
 But It must be kept in view that “what is modern today may be obsolete tomorrow
mainly because of observations, research, inventions, innovations and experience.
 Thus, application of modern technology means to update our knowledge
constantly.
Concept and Classification of
Agri.Technology
By application of agri- technology , production may be increased but the process of
production has many dimensions like physical one and chemical one

Technological change may improve both physical and chemical side of production

Technology can be viewed in two senses:

• Embodied-are those which have its physical existence. E.g when new machines combine with other factors of
production
• Disembodied-mainly rest on decision making about farming, planning, budgeting and management of farm.
Technological progress and Demand for
Inputs
The relation between input and output changes when new technologies are adopted

Different quantities of output may be employed following the adoption of new


technologies

Input demand is determined by three factors


• price of output
• Relative cost of input
• Production technology

These factors determine the value of marginal product on Input (VMP).


Technological
Progress and
Demand for
labour
Importance of Agriculture Technologies

Green Revolution

Better use of Resources

Security for a constantly growing population

Increase in employment opportunities

Changes in the outlook of the farmers

Increase in Efficiency of resource utilization

Avoidance of risks

Greater marketable surplus

Changes in demand for resources


4. Water
Introduction

 Water is considered very important for every crop


 The use of HYV seeds and fertilizers have greatly enhanced the importance of
water
 Following problems are contributing negatively to the agricultural development:

1. Existing system of water supply are consisting of the canals, tube wells and rains. The
irrigation through canals is a major source of water supply which depends upon
reservoirs at different barrages and dams. The shortage of water due to droughts badly
affect the reservoirs and cause water shortage. Also irrigation through canals causes
logging and salinity.
Introduction
Continued---------

2. The other source of water supply is “ground water”. The following


problems occur in context with utilization of ground water:

• There exist a lack of coordination between agencies involved in installation of tube


wells and water pumps
• Tube wells suffer from poor maintenance are generally low, may be due financial
constraints
• Poor farmers have reduced financial resources to install the tube wells and
government have always been reluctant in advancing subsidies to farmers to install
tube wells.
• Very little research has been conducted in tube well design, construction and cost
reduction etc.
Introduction
Continued--------
3. In so many areas the irrigation has to be made
through the water from the rains.
• The rains are not certain, sometimes there are excessive rains
while on other occasions there is drought.
• The excessive rains may turn into floods, creating lots of loss
• On the other hand, the drought becomes responsible for food
shortage
5. Fertilizers

 Our climate is mostly semi arid-tropical. There is shortage of nutrients and


organic materials in the soil. Accordingly, there is a big need of nitrogen for
higher productivity.
 In some other lands there are deficiency of phosphorus
 So, the use of fertilizers are very vital for higher productivity
 But in connection with use and production of fertilizers have to face the following
problems:
Problems

 Farmers mostly use nitrogen fertilizers without paying attention to the use of
phosphorus and potassic fertilizers
 Production of fertilizers are lagging the consumption of fertilizers
 The use of fertilizers will be beneficial only if the HYV seeds and enough water is
available
 Financial weakness of the farmers is also an obstacle in the way of use of
fertilizers
 Fertilizers supplies are not available at the proper time and at the convenient
locations.

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