CS 330: Operating System

Instructor: Asst Prof Mobeena Shahzad

BESE 26 (A,B,C)
2 Course Overview
 Pre-Requisites
 EE-321 Computer Organization and Architecture

 Textbook
 “Operating System Concepts”, By Abraham Silberschatz, Peter
Galvin, and Greg Gagne, 10th Edition, Publisher: John Wiley and
Sons

 Reference Books
 “Operating Systems: Principles and Practice” by Thomas Anderson,
Michael Dahlin, 2nd Edition

 “Operating Systems. Internals and Design Principles” by William

Stallings, Prentice-Hall
3 Grading Policy

 30 % OHTs
 50 % Final Exam
 10 % Assignments
 10 % Quizzes
4 Course Outline
 Operating System - Objectives and Functions

 Processes and Threads

 Synchronization

 Process Scheduling

 Memory Management

 File System

 I/O Management & Disk Scheduling

5 Course Objectives

 To provide knowledge how operating systems work

 To introduce basic resource management techniques, issues of

performance, avoiding deadlocks etc. to equip students with sufficient
knowledge about the working mechanism of Operating System

 To apply knowledge for conducting research and development

6 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
Sr PLO BT
CLO
No. No. Level*

1 Explain and summarize OS services and Abstractions 1 C-2

2 Analyse the applicability of different OS Services 2 C-4

3 Apply the knowledge of OS services to implement algorithms 3 C-3

Practice the use and implementation of OS services on

4 5 P-3
different platforms

* BT= Bloom’s Taxonomy: C=Cognitive domain, P=Psychomotor domain, A= Affective domain

Remembering (C-1), Understanding (C-2), Applying (C-3), Analyzing (C-4),

Evaluating (C-5), Creating (C-6)
7 Mapping of CLOs to Program Learning Outcomes
(PLOs)

PLOs/CLOs CLO1 CLO2 CLO3 CLO4

PLO 1 (Engineering Knowledge) √      
PLO 2 (Problem Analysis)   √    

PLO 3 (Design/Development of Solutions)     √  

PLO 4 (Investigation)        
PLO 5 (Modern tool usage)       √
PLO 6 (The Engineer and Society)        
PLO 7 (Environment and Sustainability)  
PLO 8 (Ethics)  
PLO 9 (Individual and Team Work)  
PLO 10 (Communication)  
PLO 11 (Project Management)  
PLO 12 (Lifelong Learning)  
 Week Topic CLOs
1. Operating System Overview and Services CLO1
8 2. Operating System Overview and Services CLO1
CLO1
3. Process Management
CLO2
4. Process Management CLO3
5. Threads CLO2
6. Threads CLO3
7. Process Scheduling CLO2
8,9. Process Scheduling CLO3
10. Midterm
11. Process Synchronization CLO2
12. Process Synchronization CLO3
13. Memory Management (Main Memory) CLO3
14. Memory Management (Virtual Memory) CLO3
CLO1
15. File Management
CLO2
CLO1
16. I/O Management
CLO2
CLO2
17. Advanced Topics (Virtualization/ Distributed OS)

18 Final Exam
9 What is an Operating System?

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer

and the computer hardware

 Operating system goals:

 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
10 Abstract View of Components of Computer
11 Computer System Structure
 Computer system can be divided into four components:
 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
 Application programs
 define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games
 Users
 People, machines, other computers
12 What Operating Systems Do

 Depends on the point of view

 Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance

 Don’t care about resource utilization

 Operating system is a resource allocator and control program

making efficient use of Hardware and managing execution of
User programs
13 What Operating Systems Do (Contd.)
 Users of dedicated systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers

 Mobile devices like smartphones and tables are resource poor,

optimized for usability and battery life
 Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens, voice recognition

 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded

computers in devices and automobiles
 Run primarily without user intervention
14 Operating System Definition
 No universally accepted definition
 “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is a good
approximation
 But varies wildly
 “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel, part of
the operating system

 Everything else is either

 A system program (ships with the operating system, but not part of the kernel) , or
 An application program, all programs not associated with the operating system

 Today’s OSes for general purpose and mobile computing also include middleware
– a set of software frameworks that provide addition services to application
developers such as databases, multimedia, graphics
15

Overview of Computer System

Structure
16

Computer
Components

Top-Level
View
17 Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus providing access to
shared memory
 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
 How a Modern Computer Works
18

A von Neumann architecture

19 Operating-System Operations
 Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the system, load the
kernel

 Kernel loads
 Starts system daemons (services provided outside of the kernel)
 Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and software)
 Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
 Software interrupt (exception or trap):
 Software error (e.g., division by zero)
 Request for operating system service – system call
 Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying
each other or the operating system
20 Multiprogramming (Batch system)

 Single user cannot always keep CPU and I/O devices busy

 Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has

one to execute

 A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory

 One job selected and run via job scheduling

 When job has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another
job
21 Multitasking (Timesharing)

 A logical extension of Batch systems

 the CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can interact with each job
while it is running, creating interactive computing

 Response time should be < 1 second

 Each user has at least one program executing in memory  process
 If several jobs ready to run at the same time  CPU scheduling
 If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out
to run
 Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in
memory
22 Memory Layout for Multi-programmed System
23 Dual-mode Operation
 Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system components
 User mode and kernel mode

 Mode bit provided by hardware

 Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code or kernel code.
 When a user is running  mode bit is “user”
 When kernel code is executing  mode bit is “kernel”

 How do we guarantee that user does not explicitly set the mode bit to
“kernel”?
 System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user

 Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in kernel mode

24 Transition from User to Kernel Mode
25

Computer System Environments

26 Computing Environments

 Traditional
 Mobile
 Client Server
 Peer-to-Peer
 Cloud computing
 Real-time Embedded
27 Traditional
 Stand-alone general-purpose machines
 But blurred as most systems interconnect with others (i.e., the
Internet)
 Portals provide web access to internal systems
 Network computers (thin clients) are like Web terminals
 Mobile computers interconnect via wireless networks
 Networking becoming universal – even home systems use
firewalls to protect home computers from Internet attacks
28 Mobile
 Handheld smartphones, tablets, etc.
 What is the functional difference between them and a “traditional”
laptop?
 Extra feature – more OS features (GPS, gyroscope)
 Allows new types of apps like augmented reality
 Use IEEE 802.11 wireless, or cellular data networks for
connectivity
 Leaders are Apple iOS and Google Android
29 Client Server
 Client-Server Computing
• Dumb terminals replaced by smart PCs
• Many systems now servers, responding to requests generated by
clients
 Compute-server system provides an interface to client to request
services (i.e., database)
 File-server system provides interface for clients to store and
retrieve files
30 Peer-to-Peer
 Another model of distributed system
 P2P does not distinguish clients and servers
 Instead, all nodes are considered peers
 May each act as client, server or both
 Node must join P2P network
 Registers its service with central lookup service on
network, or
 Broadcast request for service and respond to
requests for service via discovery protocol
 Examples include Napster and Gnutella, Voice
over IP (VoIP) such as Skype
31 Cloud Computing

 Delivers computing, storage, even apps as a service across a network

 Many types
 Public cloud – available via Internet to anyone willing to pay
 Private cloud – run by a company for the company’s own use
 Hybrid cloud – includes both public and private cloud components

 Software as a Service (SaaS) – one or more applications available via the Internet
(i.e., word processor)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) – software stack ready for application use via the
Internet (i.e., a database server)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – servers or storage available over Internet
(i.e., storage available for backup use)
32 Real-Time Embedded Systems

 Real-time embedded systems most prevalent form of computers

 Vary considerable, special purpose, limited purpose OS, real-time OS
 Use expanding

 Many other special computing environments as well

 Some have OSes, some perform tasks without an OS

 Real-time OS has well-defined fixed time constraints

 Processing must be done within constraint
 Correct operation only if constraints met
33 Free and Open-Source Operating Systems

 Operating systems made available in source-code format rather than just

binary closed-source and proprietary

 Started by Free Software Foundation (FSF), which has “copyleft” GNU

Public License (GPL)
 Free software and open-source software are two different ideas championed by
different groups of people

 Examples include GNU/Linux and BSD UNIX (including core of Mac

OS X), and many more
End of Lecture 1

“Operating System Concepts”