CCNA Semester 2 Chapter 07 DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Objectives
Describe how routing loops can occur in distance vector routing Describe several methods used by distance vector routing protocols to ensure that routing information is accurate Configure RIP Troubleshoot RIP Configure RIP for load balancing Configure static routes for RIP Verify RIP Configure IGRP
2

Verify IGRP operation, troubleshoot IGRP

Table of Content 1 2 3
Distance Vector Routing RIP IGRP

DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING

Distance vector routing updates

Distance vector routing loop issues

The Problem of Count to infinity

Routing loops increment the distance vector

Defining a maximum count

Specific a maximum distance vector metric as infinity.

Elimination routing loops through split horizon

Advertises routes out an interface only if they were not learned from updates entering that interface.

Route poisoning
Network 3
A B C

Network 4

Network 5
E

Network 1 Distance 16
D
When Network 5 goes down, Router E initiates route poisoning by making a table entry for Network 5 as 16, or unreachable. When route poisoning is used with triggered updates it will speed up convergence time.

Split horizon with poison reverse

Network 3
A B C

Network 4

Network 5
E

Network 1 Distance 16
D

Network 1 unreachable

Route poisoning does not break split horizon rules. Split horizon with poison reverse is essentially route poisoning, but specifically placed on links that split horizon would not normally allow routing information to flow across, the failed routes are advertised with infinite metrics.

Avoiding routing loops with triggered updates

Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable

10.1.0.0
A

10.2.0.0
B

10.3.0.0
C

10.4.0.0

With the triggered update approach, routers send messages as soon as they notify a change in their routing table

Preventing routing loops with holddown timers

RIP
ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL

RIP routing process

It is a distance-vector routing protocol. RFC 1058. Hop count is used as the metric for path selection. If the hop count is greater than 15, the packet will be discarded. By default, routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds. RIP has evolved over the years from a Classful Routing Protocol, RIP Version 1 (RIP v1), to a Classless Routing Protocol, RIP Version 2 (RIP v2). RIP v2 enhancements include:
Ability to carry additional packet routing information. Authentication mechanism to secure table updates.
1

Supports variable length subnet masking (VLSM).

Basic Configuring RIP

S0/ 0 S0/ 0

F0/0

t en eh E r t

BHM(config)#router rip BHM(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 BHM(config-router)#network 192.168.13.0 GAD(config)#router rip GAD(config-router)#network 192.168.14.0 GAD(configrouter)#network 192.168.13.0 BOAZ(config)#router rip BOAZ(config-router)#network 192.168.14.0 BOAZ(configrouter)#network 172.31.0.0 BHM(config)#interface s0/0 BHM(config-if)#ip rip triggered

Selects RIP as the routing protocol

Specifies a directly connected networ Major netwotk not subbnetwork

t en eh E r t

BHM 10.0.0.254 192.168.13.1

GAD BOAZ 192.168.13.2 192.168.14.2 192.168.14.2 172.31.31.1

S0/ 1

F0/0

RIP Configuration Example 2

Configuring RIP: Option tasks

1

Applying offsets to routing metrics Adjusting timers Specifying a RIP version Enabling RIP authentication Configuring route summarization on an interface Verifying IP route summarization Disabling automatic route summarization Running IGRP and RIP concurrently Disabling the validation of source IP addresses Enabling or disabling split horizon Connecting RIP to a WAN

Common RIP configuration issues

To reduce routing loops and counting to infinity, RIP uses the following techniques:
Count-to-infinity Split horizon Poison reverse Holddown counters Triggered updates

Setting holddown timer

To disable split horizon:

Router(config-if)#no ip splithorizon To change the holddown timer: Router(config-router)#timers basic update invalid holddown flush [sleeptime]
To change the update internal:

Disable the sending of routing updates on specified interface Configure RIP in a non-broadcast network:
2

Router(config-router)#update-timer seconds

Router(config-router)#passive-interface interface Router(config-router)#neighbor ip address

configure the router to send and receive packets (see

later)
Command
Router(config-router)#version {1 | 2}

Purpose
Configure the software to send and receive RIP version 1 version 2 packets Configure an interface to send RIP version 1 packets send RIP version 2 packets

Router(config-if)#ip rip send version 1

Router(config-if)#ip rip send version 2 Configure an interface to Router(config-if)#ip rip send version 1 Configure an interface to send RIP version 1 or 2 2
packets

Router(config-if)#ip rip receive version Configure an interface to receive RIP version 1 1

packets

Router(config-if)#ip rip receive version Configure an interface to receive RIP version 2 2

packets

Verifying RIP configuration: SHOW IP PROTOCOLS.

Verifying RIP configuration: SHOW IP ROUTE

Troubleshooting RIP update issues: DEBUG IP RIP

Troubleshooting RIP update issues: Others command

show ip rip database show ip protocols {summary} show ip route debug ip rip {events} show ip interface brief

Preventing Routing Updates through an Interface

Administrative Distance: Ranking Routes

Administrative Distance

Load balancing with RIP

1

56K 64K
GAD

2 BHM 3

1.544 M 155 M
4

RIP is capable of load balancing over as many as six equal-cost paths, with four paths being default. RIP performs what is referred to as round robin load balancing. Router(config-router)#maximum-paths [number]

Load balancing with RIP

Integrating static routes with RIP

Static routes are user-defined routes. They are also useful for specifying a gateway of last resort, commonly referred to as a default route.
A router running RIP can receive a default route via an update from another router running RIP. Another option is for the router to generate the default route itself.

RIP will advertise a static route throughout the internetwork.

If static route is assigned to an interface that is defined in the RIP process, via a network command. Other, via a redistribute static command is specified in the RIP process.

RIP with floating route

.2 192.168.13.0/3 0 .1 S0/0
GAD BHM

.2

.1

Bri0/1

192.168.14.0/3 0

The floating static route was configured by defining an AD on the static route (130) greater than the default AD of RIP (120).
3

IGRP
INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL

Characteristics
Ciscos Distance-vector routing protocol. Routing updates at 90 second intervals, advertising networks for a particular AS. The versatility to automatically handle indefinite, complex topologies The flexibility needed to segment with different bandwidth and delay characteristics Scalability for functioning in very large networks. Use a composite metric of bandwidth, delay, load and reliability.
3

IGRP Composite Metric

Bandwidth Delay Reliability Loading MTU

3

IGRP Metrics
Bandwidth The lowest bandwidth value in the path Delay The cumulative interface delay along the path Reliability The reliability on the link towards the destination as determined by the exchange of keepalives Load The load on a link towards the destination based on bits per second

IGRP Metric Metric = k1xBW + k2xBW 256 Load + k3xDelay k5 Rel + k4

If k5 0 then: Metric = Metric x

Default: k1 = 1, k2 = 0, k3 = 1, k4 = 0, k5 = 0. Delay is the sum of all the delays of all outgoing interfaces divided by 10. Delay = [Delay / 10ms]. BW is the lowest bandwidth of all outgoing interfaces divided by 10,000,000. BW = [10.000.000 / bandwidth in Kbps].
3

Example: IGRP Metric

Router1 E0 BW : DLY: 10,000 1,000 S0 784 20,000 (20K) S1 224 20K

Router2 S0 448 20K

S how ip rou te Router2-S 0 Metric = B and W idth + Delay = 10,000 ,0 00 /448 + (2 0,00 0+20,00 0)/10 = 263 21

S how ip rou te Ro uter1-E 0 M etric = B an dW idth + Delay = 10,000,000/224 + (20.000 = 46742

+ 1000)/10

Interior, System and Exterior route

IGRP stability features

IGRP has a number of features that are designed to enhance its stability, such as:
Holddowns Split horizons Poison reverse updates

IGRP also maintains a number of timers and variables containing time intervals. These include an update timer, an invalid timer, a holddown timer, and a flush timer.
4

Configuring IGRP

Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system

Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol

outer(config-router)#network network-number

Selects participating attached networks

Configuring IGRP and migrating RIP to IGRP

S0/ 0 S0/ 0

F0/0

t en eh E r t

BHM(config)#router igrp 101 BHM(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 BHM(config-router)#network 192.168.13.0 GAD(config)#router igrp 101 GAD(config-router)#network 192.168.14.0 GAD(configrouter)#network 192.168.13.0 BOAZ(config)#router igrp 101 BOAZ(config-router)#network 192.168.14.0 BOAZ(configrouter)#network 172.31.0.0 BHM(config)# no router igrp 101
4

Selects igrp as the routing protocol 101 is Autonomous System number is one that identifies the IGRP process.

Specifies a directly connected networ Major netwotk not subbnetwork

t en eh E r t

BHM 10.0.0.254 192.168.13.1

GAD BOAZ 192.168.13.2 192.168.14.2 192.168.14.2 172.31.31.1

S0/ 1

F0/0

IGRP Configuration Example 2

Load balancing - IGRP

IGRP support Unequal-cost load balancing Maximum 6 paths (default = 4) Within metric variance Next-hop router closer to destination

Configuring load balancing -IGRP

Router(config-router)#variance multiplier

Controls IGRP load balancing

r(config-router)#traffic-share {balanced | min}

Controls how load-balanced traffic is distributed

Verifying IGRP configuration: SHOW IP INTERFACES

Verifying IGRP configuration: SHOW IP PROTOCOLS

Verifying IGRP configuration: SHOW RUN

Verifying IGRP configuration: SHOW RUN

Verifying IGRP configuration: SHOW IP ROUTE

Troubleshooting IGRP: DEBUG IP IGRP TRANSACTION

Troubleshooting IGRP: DEBUG IP IGRP EVENTS

RouterA#debug ip igrp events IGRP event debugging is on RouterA# 00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1) 00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2 00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1) 00:23:45: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:45: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1 00:23:48: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2 00:23:48: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:48: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2

Updating Routing Information Example

Updating Routing Information Example (Cont.)

Updating Routing Information Example (Cont.)

Updating Routing Information Example (Cont.)

Summary
Routing table updates occur periodically, when yhe topology in a distance vector protocol network changes. RIP is a distance vector routing protocol. RIP has evolved over the years from classful routing protocol, RIP Version 1 (RIP v1), to a classless routing protocol, RIP Version 2 (RIP v2). IGRP is a distance vector routing protocol developed by Cisco.
5

Q&A