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Unit2 Chapter4 Bituminous Paving Mixes

The document discusses requirements and design of bituminous mixes. It outlines key requirements for bituminous mixes including stability, durability, flexibility, skid resistance and workability. It then describes the process for designing bituminous mixes including selecting aggregates, determining aggregate grading and proportions, preparing and testing specimens to determine properties like stability, density and voids. The Marshall method of mix design is also summarized which involves compacting cylindrical specimens and testing them for properties like stability, flow, density and voids.

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Sajja Satish Assistant Professor, CE, VRSEC
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160 views16 pages

Unit2 Chapter4 Bituminous Paving Mixes

The document discusses requirements and design of bituminous mixes. It outlines key requirements for bituminous mixes including stability, durability, flexibility, skid resistance and workability. It then describes the process for designing bituminous mixes including selecting aggregates, determining aggregate grading and proportions, preparing and testing specimens to determine properties like stability, density and voids. The Marshall method of mix design is also summarized which involves compacting cylindrical specimens and testing them for properties like stability, flow, density and voids.

Uploaded by

Sajja Satish Assistant Professor, CE, VRSEC
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Requirements of Bituminous mixes

• Stability: Stability is defined as the resistance of the paving mix to


deformation under traffic load.
• Durability: Durability is defined as the resistance of the mix against
weathering and abrasive actions.
• Flexibility: Flexibility is a measure of the level of bending strength
needed to counteract traffic load and prevent cracking of surface.
• Skid resistance: It is the resistance of the finished pavement against
skidding which depends on the surface texture and bitumen content.
• Workability: Workability is the ease with which the mix can be laid
and compacted, and formed to the required condition and shape.
Design of Bituminous Mixes
• Selection of aggregates.
• Selection of aggregate grading.
• Determination of specific gravity.
• Proportioning of aggregates.

• Preparation of specimen.
• Determination of specific gravity of compacted specimen.
• Stability tests on compacted specimens.
• Selection of aggregates: must have sufficient strength, hardness,
toughness and soundness. Crushed aggregates and sharp sand produce
higher stability when compared with gravel and rounded sands.
• Selection of Aggregate Grading: Densely graded mixes are preferred
compared to open grading. Higher size of aggregates give maximum
stability. In base course maximum aggregate size of 25 to 50 mm are
used where as for surface course 12.5 to 18.7 mm.
• Determination of Specific gravity: Specific gravity of total or
combined aggregate is determined and average specific gravity Ga of
blended aggregate mix is calculated
W1 W2 W3 W4 are % by weight of
aggregate and G1 G2 G3 G4 are specific
gravities of respective aggregates
Specified gradation of aggregates for bituminous concrete
surface course as per IRC

Sieve Size, mm % passing by


weight
Grade 1 Grade 2
20 - 100
12.5 100 80-100
10 80-100 70-90
4.75 55-75 50-70
2.36 35-50 35-50
0.600 18-29 18-29
0.300 13-23 13-23
0.150 8-16 8-16
0.075 4-10 4-10
Binder content, % by weight of mix 5-7.5 5-7.5
• Proportioning of aggregates: Fix the design grading based on type of
work and thickness of layer. Then aggregates are proportioned by
analytical method or graphical method (Triangular chart method and
Rothfutch’s method) or trial and error method.
• Preparation of specimen: Specimen preparation depends on stability
test (marshall method, Hveem method, modified hubbard field
method) adopted. Size, compaction and other specifications should be
followed as specified in respective stability tests.
• Specific gravity of compacted specimen: Theoretical maximum
specific gravity of mix Gt is determined with known specific gravities
of aggregate and bitumen.
Gt theoretical maximum specific gravity
• Wb % by weight of bitumen content
• Gb Specific gravity of bitumen
• Ga average specific gravity of aggregates

Theoritical density
• G actual specific gravity of test specimen
• Gt theoretical maximum specific gravity

Percent air voids in the specimen

Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA)


Vb is % of bitumen and Wa is aggregate content % by weight

VFB (percent voids filled with bitumen)


• Stability tests on compacted specimen: One of the stability tests is
carried out based on the design method selected.
• Selection of optimum binder content: Optimum binder content is
selected based on the test method adopted and the design
requirements considered.
Marshall method of bituminous mix design
• This test is applicable to hot-mix design of bitumen and aggregates with
maximum size of 25mm.
• Resistance to plastic deformation of cylindrical specimen of bituminous
mixture is measured when same is loaded at periphery at a rate of 5cm per
minute.
• Two major features of this method of designing mixes are:
– Density - Void analysis
– Stability – flow test

Stability of the mix is defined as maximum load carried by a compacted


specimen at a standard test temperature of 60˚C.
The flow is measured as the deformation in units of 0.25 mm between no
load and maximum load carried by the specimen during stability test.
• Apparatus consists of cylindrical mould of 10.16cm dia and 6.35cm
height with a base plate and collar. A hammer of 4.54 kg weight with a
fall of 45.7cm is used to compact.
• A breaking head is used to test the specimen by applying a load on its
periphery perpendicular to its axis in a loading machine of 5 tonnes
capacity at a rate of 5cm per minute.
• A dial gauge is fixed to testing machine serves as a flow meter to
measure the deformation on specimen during loading.
• CA, FA and filler should be proportioned and mixed to satisfy the
specified range proposed by IS.
• 1.2kg of mixed aggregate and filler are taken and heated to a temperature
of 175 to190˚C.
• The bitumen is heated to a temperature of 121 to 145˚C and a trial % of
bitumen (say 3.5 to 4.0% by weight of aggregate) is added to the heated
aggregate and mixed at a temperature of 154 to 160 ˚C.
• The mix is placed in a mould and compacted by rammer with 50blows on
either side of sample at a temperature of 138 to 149 ˚C.
• The weight of material chosen to prepare sample can be altered to obtain
a compacted a of 63.5±3.0mm. 3 to 4 samples may be prepared for each
trial bitumen content.
• Specimens are cooled to room temperature and removed from moulds by
specimen extractor.
• Dimensions of specimens are measured and weighed in air and also in
water.
• Specimens are kept in water for 30 to 40 minutes at a temperature of
60 ˚C , and placed in marshall test head to determine marshall
stability value.
• MSV is maximum load in kg before failure and flow value is
deformation of specimen in 0.25mm units up to maximum load.
• If the average height of specimen is not 63.5mm then correction
factors are to be applied.
• Similarly specimens are prepared with various other bitumen contents
in suitable increments of 0.5% and bulk density, air voids, VMA and
VFB (voids filled with bitumen) are calculated.
Calculations
• Percent Air Voids

Gm bulk density or mass density of specimen


Gt theoretical specific gravity of mixture

W1 % by weight of CA in total mix


W2 % by weight of FA in total mix
W3 % by weight of Filler in total mix
W4 % by weight of bitumen in total mix
G1 Apparent Specific gravity of CA
G2 Apparent Specific gravity of FA
G3 Apparent Specific gravity of Filler
G4 Apparent Specific gravity of bitumen
• Percent voids in mineral aggregates VMA

Vv – Volume of air voids %


Vb – Volume of bitumen % = Gm = W4/G4

• Percent voids filled with bitumen VFB

• Average values of all properties are found for each mix with
different bitumen content and various graphs are plotted.
– Marshall stability value.
– Flow value
– Unit weight
– Percent voids in total mix Vv
– Percent voids filled with bitumen VFB
• Optimum bitumen content for mix design is found by taking the average
values of following three bitumen contents
– Bitumen content corresponding to maximum stability.

– Bitumen content corresponding to maximum unit weight.


– Bitumen content corresponding to median of designed limits of percent
air voids in total mix (4%).

MSV, FV & VFB at average value of bitumen content are checked with the
Marshall mix design specifications. Mixes with high stability values and low
flow values are not desirable as such mixes are likely to develop cracks due to
Test Property Specified value
heavy moving loads
Marshall stability, kg 340 (minimum)
Flow value, 0.25 mm units 8 to 16
Air voids in total mix, Vv % 3 to 5
Voids filled with bitumen VFB% 75 to 85

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