CONSTRUCTION OF MATERIALS

GROUP PRESENTATION

SECTION 1 , GROUP 3
GROUP MEMBERS ID NUMBER
1 . Eyuel Fikremariam UGR/17094/11
2 . Gemeda Hirpasa UGR/17149/11
3 . Habtemariam Ambaw UGR/17178/11
4 . Hawi Belachew UGR/17199/11
5 . Yabsera Ayanew UGR/1770/11
MIXING , HANDLING ,
PLACING AND
COMPACTING
 MIXING CONCRETE
Mixing concrete is a process of mixing the ingredients of concrete
such as cement , sand , aggregate , water and admixture together to make
concrete of suitable grade.
To make the different grades of concrete materials should be done properly
as per the mix design of concrete to achieve the design strength of concrete.
Mixing of concrete is a very complex process. For making a good quality
concrete we need to follow some standard process of mixing its ingredients.
 Once the ingredients are batched by volume or weight, they are introduced in a mixer and
subjected to mixing initially , the dry ingredients are mixed for small duration of time followed
by the addition of water.
Once water is added through , mixing is carried out to ensure that the mass is homogenous ,
uniform in color , and consistent.
Production of bad and good quality concrete includes the same material but the proportion and
mixing method can be a differentiating factor.
Mixing of cement , sand aggregate should ensure that:
a) The mass is homogeneous
b) Uniform in color
c) consistent
The following methods are used for concrete mixing:
1. Hand mixing of concrete
2. Machine mixing of concrete

1.Hand mixing of concrete is practiced for small scale concrete works.

In this method , as material mixing is not sufficient compared to machine mix it is desirable
to add 10% more cement to cater to the inferior concrete produced by this method.
It is done by manual labor.
During mixing the remaining water should be added with continuation process.
Time for mixing is generally 2 or 3 minutes.
HAND It should be done over an
impervious concrete or brick

MIXING floor of sufficiently large size

to take one bag of cement.
First spread out the coarse
aggregate and fine aggregate in
alternate layers insufficient or
measure quantity.
Then drop cement on top
this ,and mixes them dry by
shovel, turning the mixture
over and over again until
uniformity of color is
achieved. With the help of a
suitable tool ,properly mix the
materials.
2. Machine mixing for large construction the concrete mixing is done
by machine only , for reinforced concrete work and for medium or large scale mass
concrete work. Mixing of concrete in a mixer is not only efficient but also economical
when the quantity of concrete to be produced is large.
It is similar to hand mixing only the mixing are carried out in rotating drum.
MACHINE For machine mixing all the
MIXING ingredients are collected in
revolving drum and the drum
rotated for a certain time.
These type of mixers produce
concrete batch by
batch ,where as continuous
mixers produce concrete
continuously without
stoppage till such time the
plant is working.
The process is continuous material for the next batch is filled by screw feeders and the
materials are continuously mixed and continuously discharged.
The major advantages are:
Compact structure
Easy operation
High reliability
Imported electrical components
There are two types of mixers.
1. Batch mixer: batch by batch with time interval
2. Continuous mixer: continuously mixed and discharged usually used in dam
construction.
The batch mixer can divided in to two types:
1. Pan type
2. Drum type
The drum type of mixer may further be classified as
tilting , non tilting , reversing or forced action type.
There is not any analysis of the mixing efficiency of the
various types of mixers , but some evidence is there to
suggest the pan mixers with a revolving star of blades are
more efficient.
This type of mixer is mainly suitable for stiff and lean
mixes , which present difficulties with most type of
mixers, mainly due to the sticking of mortar in the drum.
Ready mixing concrete(RMC) is a type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or
batching plant, according to design and then delivered to a work site by transit truck.
It is manufactured under computer controlled operations and transported and placed at the
site of constructed.
Advantages of RMC:
1. Better quality of concrete is produced
2. Storage space for basic materials at site is not required
3. Wastage of basic materials avoided
 HANDLING OF CONCRETE
Handling of concrete is handling of concrete concerning with all propriety in batching,
mixing, transportation , placing , compacting , curing and finishing operations.
All the above activities are sequential and are to be executed timely and cautiously How
concrete can be handled and transported
there are two main methods of concrete handling and transportinging
One is concrete mixer (transit mixer) which is the most common and recognizable option, it is a
truck-mounted revolving drum which can either mix your concrete during transportation , or keep
premixed concrete agitated until it reaches your site(working area).
Proper Handling of concrete during placement should minimize segregation of coarse
aggregates .
Basically , concrete should be placed by a vertical drop , however , the material should not be
allowed to free fall for long distance.
Concrete should be allowed to flow slowly into the forms at a vertical angle.

Handling and Transporting

Transporting is that process in which concrete is achieve from a concrete batching plant and
transport on working place on construction site.
Precautions In Concrete Transportation
• Homogeneity of concrete mass is maintained
• Movement of truck on rough road surface makes vibrations results: deposition of heavy aggregates at
bottom of truck and water & cement slurry comes on top.
Factors that determine which type of concrete placement
is most suitable for concreting are:

Type of construction horizontal construction or vertical construction

 Size of construction
Location of the site
Weather conditions such as cold weather or hot weather etc.
METHODS OF
TRANSPORTATION
PLACING CONCRETE
Freshly made concrete are poured in formwork or its final position is called
placing of concrete.
The concrete is transported , poured , vibrated , matured , form , removed and
cured. Each of these phase must follow techniques that will come under good
construction practice.
The placement of concrete is a very important operation , which largely
determines the success of structure and its durability.
 After mixing of concrete, it should be placed within 30 min. of adding of water.
•It should be quickly transported to the place of lying by means of iron pans manually, in
wheel barrows, or by cranes.
• In placing, concrete should be laid in thin layers. Each layer being thoroughly
consolidated, before the next one is laid.
• Concrete should not be dropped from a height as it would cause segregation of aggregates.
In case concrete has more of water or it has been laid in thick layers, then on compaction
water and fine particles of cement comes at the top forming a layer of weak substance
known as laitance.
 BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
PLACING CONCRETE
•Preserve concrete quality :
– Water-cement ratio
– Slump
– Air-content
– Homogeneity
• Avoid separation of aggregate and mortar
• Avoid excessive horizontal movement
• Consolidate adequately
• Maintain sufficient placement capacity
• Choose the right equipment for the concrete
COMPACTION OF
CONCRETE
Compaction is the process which expels entrapped air from freashly placed
concrete and packs the aggregates particles together, so as to increase the density of
concrete.
It increases significantly the ultimate strength of concrete and enhances the bond
with reinforcement.
5 % of air voids reduces strength by 30 % and by 50 % for 10 %.
• Insufficient compaction increases permeability of concrete.
• Excess temping should be avoided as otherwise water, cement and finer particles
would come to the surface and results in non uniform concreting.
In case of important and big works, compaction of concrete is done with vibrator.
• Use of vibrator is best and the most efficient way of compacting concrete. It gives very dense
concrete.
• Care should be taken not to make excessive use of vibrators otherwise the concrete becomes non
homogeneous.
Methods Of Compaction
1. Hand compaction
2. Compaction by vibration
3. Compaction by pressure & jolting
4. Compaction by spinning
THANK YOU !!!