Human Anatomy and Physiology

Human
Anatomy And
Physiology
The Nervous System
Introduction
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OBJECTIVES
Describe the State the function Name the three Identify the
general structure of neurons and layers and state cranial nerves by
neuroglia. their functions.
of a neuron and number and by
name its Identify and
Describe spinal name and list
important indicate the the major
functions of cord structure
anatomical the and identify its functions of
regions. major and regions
of the human brain. functions. each.
Name the four Explain the Device a diagram Predict

portraying the division of physiological
major nerve function of the the nervous system.
consequences of
plexuses and sympathetic and Constract the effect of any alteration in
parasympathetic the parasympathetic and
give the major divisions of the sympathetic divisions on the structure and
nerves of the following function of the
autonomic organ:heart,lungsdigestiv organs of the
each. nervous system. e system, blood vesels
nervous system.
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The Nervous System
 The Nervous System is the
master controlling and
communicating system of the
body.
 The Nervous System

CONTROLS and COORDINATES
ALL ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS of
the Human Body.
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Function of the Nervous System
1. Sensory input – gathering information
• Sensory receptors monitor changes, called stimuli, occurring inside and
outside the body.
2. Integration
• Nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides
whether action is needed.
3. Motor output
• A response, or effect, activates muscles or glands.

Organization of the Nervous System
Nervous system classifications are based

on:
1. Structures(structural classification)
2. Activities(functional classification)

Structural Classification of
the Nervous System:
 Central Nervous System (CNS):
 Consists of the brain and the
spinal cord, which act as the
integrating and command
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centers of the nervous system.
 They interpret incoming sensory

information and issue
instructions based on past
experience and current
conditions.
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Structural Classification of the
Nervous System:
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
 It is part of the nervous system outside
the CNS.
 They link all parts of the body by
carrying impulses from the sensory
Click icon to add picture receptors to the CNS and from the CNS
to the appropriate gland or muscles.
 It consists mainly of the nerves that
extend from the brain and spinal cord.
 Cranial Nerves carry impulses to and
from the brain.
 Spinal Nerves carry impulses to and
from the spinal cord.
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Central Nervous
System (CNS)
THE BRAIN
The brain is located within the cranial

cavity of the skull and consists of the
cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon,
brain stem, and cerebellum.
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THE BRAIN
Cerebral Hemisphere:
The two cerebral hemisphere(the left and the right side)form the largest
apart of the brain,called the cerebrum.
Its surface,called cerebral cortex,is convoluted and exhibits elevated

ridges called gyri,which are separated by shallow grooves called sulci.It also
has deeper grooves called fissures,which separate large regions of the brain.
Each cerebral hemisphere is divided by some fissures and sulci into a

number of lobes which are named for the cranial bones that lie over them.
The cerebral hemispheres are involved in logical reasoning,moral

conduct,emotional responses,sensory interpretation,and the initiation of
voluntary muscle activity.
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
THE SPINAL CORD
The spinal cord is a reflex center and
conduction pathways which is found
within the vertebral canal.
It extends from the foramen magnum to
L1 or L2.
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Peripheral Nervous System(PNS )
 Nerve: Nerve is a bundle of neuron
fibers found outside the CNS.
 Cranial nerves:
- Cranial nerves are 12 pairs of
nerves that extend from the brain to
serve the head and neck region, except
the Vagus nerve, which extend into the
thorax and abdomen.
 Spinal nerves:
- spinal nerves are 31 pairs of nerves
formed by the union of the dorsal and
ventral roots of spinal cord on each side.
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The PNS has two (2) functional division…
 Sensory or Afferent Division:
- Consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central
nervous system from sensory receptors located in various parts of
the body.
- Sensory fibers that deliver impulses from the skin, skeletal
muscles, and joints are called somatic (soma=body) sensory fibers.
- sensory fibers that transmit impulses from the visceral organs
are called visceral sensory fibers, or visceral afferents.
- The sensory division keeps the CNS constantly informed of
events going on both inside and outside the body.
 Motor or Efferent Division:
- Carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, muscles and
glands.
Motor Division:
 The Somatic Nervous System (SNS):

- Allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles.
- This subdivision is often referred to as the voluntary nervous system,
however, skeletal muscle reflexes are also initiated involuntarily by fibers
of this same subdivision.
 The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
- Regulates events that are automatic, in involuntary, such as the
activity of smooth muscle and glands.
- This subdivision is commonly called the involuntary nervous system.

Motor Division (Autonomic Nervous System)
 Sympathetic (stimulates)
It is the “fight or flight” subdivision, which prepares
-
the body to cope with some threats.
- Its activation results in increased heart rate and
blood pressure.
 Parasympathetic (inhibits)
- It
is the “housekeeping” system and is in control most
of the time.
- This division maintains homeostasis by seeing that
normal digestion and elimination occur and the energy is
conserved.
Nervous System

Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Human

Name the four Explain the Device a diagram Predict

 The Nervous System

5 Presentation title 20XX

Nervous system classifications are based

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 They interpret incoming sensory

The brain is located within the cranial

Its surface,called cerebral cortex,is convoluted and exhibits elevated

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided by some fissures and sulci into a

The cerebral hemispheres are involved in logical reasoning,moral

 The Somatic Nervous System (SNS):

14 Presentation title 20XX

16 Presentation title 20XX

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