Computer Graphics And

Multimedia Systems
SCS1302
Unit 1
Syllabus
Syllabus
 Course Objective(CO)
CO1: Construct lines and circles for the given input.
CO2: Apply 2D transformation techniques to transform the
shapes to fit them as per the picture definition.
CO3: Construct splines, curves and perform 3D
transformations
CO4: Apply colour and transformation techniques for
various applications.
CO5: Analyse the fundamentals of animation, virtual
reality, and underlying technologies.
CO6: Develop photo shop applications
 Computer Graphics
• Graphics - Plot some Points on graph
• Computer Graphics - plot some pixels/points on computer
screen to make image.
• Algorithms & Data structures are used to draw images.
• Computer Graphics involves creation, display, manipulation
and storage of pictures and experimental data/models or
images for proper visualization using a computer.
• Such models come from diverse and expanding set of fields
including physical, biological, mathematical, artistic, and
conceptual/abstract structures.
 Computer Graphics
• Made up of 4 components:
1. Image – combinations of pixels, visual representation
2. Models – 3D representation
3. Rendering – generate image from 2D/3D model using
Computer Programs
4. Animation – Illusive movements
• Graphics is an art of drawing using computer
programs.
• What we will draw?
– Lines, Circles, curves, etc
 Applications of CG
• Computer-Aided Design(CAD)
– Designing of buildings (Interior), automobiles, aircraft, computer..etc (Car ->
sample/Prototype models )
• Presentation Graphics
– Commonly used to summarize financial, statistical, mathematical and economic data
for research. (charts, business presentations)
• Computer Art
– Cartoons, Animated movies
• Entertainment – Games, Cinema
• Education and Training – Medical, Engg,Animation, Simulation
• Visualization – Scientific, Medical(MRI), Gene Modeling
• Image Processing
• Virtual Reality
• Graphical User Interface - Buttons, Mobile Apps, Menus
• Architecture – Building design, lightening effects, maps, sewage design plans.
MORPH A PERSON’S FACE
 Adobe Photoshop
• Open the image you want to modify
• Use the Liquify ( Filter  Liquify or press Shift + Ctrl + X )
• Use various tools on the Liquify window to alter the person’s
face. The various available tools are
Warp Tool
Wave Tool
Swirl Tool
Shrink Tool
Expand Tool
Move Left Tool
Mirror Tool
Undo Tool
 Fundamental Terminologies
Image - From a geometry point of view, you can consider
the image as a set of points on 2-d or 3-d space. Each
point at every (x,y) is called amplitude or intensity of an
image
Pixel - a pixel is the smallest , controllable element of a
picture represented on the screen.
Resolution – Number of pixels in a computer screen.
Aspect Ratio- The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of
its width to its height necessary to produce equal-
length lines in both directions on the screen. For an x:
y aspect ratio, the image is x units wide and y units high.
 Components of a computer
graphics system
• Typical graphics system comprises of a host computer
with support of fast processor, large memory, frame
buffer
• Display devices (color monitors)
• Input devices (mouse, keyboard, joystick, touch screen,
trackball)
• Output devices (CRT,LED,LCD panels, raster scan
display, laser printers, color printers. Plotters etc.)
• Interfacing devices such as, video I/O, TV interface etc.
 Video Display devices
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
– The primary output device in a graphical system is the
video monitor. The main element of a video monitor is
the Cathode Ray Tube
– The CRT is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun(a
source of electron) and fluorescent screen, with internal
or external means to accelerate and deflect the electron
beam, used to create images in the form of light emitted
from the fluorescent screen. The image may be electrical
waveforms, pictures (television , computer
monitor),radar target and others.
Video Display devices
Main Parts of CRT:
• Electron Gun assembly
• Deflection plate assembly
• Fluorescent screen
• Glass envelope
• Base through connection are made to various
parts
 The operation of CRT
• The electron gun emits a beam of electrons (cathode rays),
when the filament is heated.
• Intensity of the electron beam is controlled by setting
voltage levels on the control grid.
• The focusing system is needed to force he electron beam to
converge into a small spot as it strikes the phosphor screen,
else the beam would spread out as it approaches the screen.
• The electron beam passes through focusing and deflection
systems that directs it towards specified positions on the
phosphor-coated screen.
 The operation of CRT
• When the beam hits the screen, the phosphor emits a
small spot of light at each position contacted by the
electron beam.
• It redraws the picture by directing the electron beam
back over the same screen points quickly. This is
called refreshing, hence the CRT is called as Refresh
CRT.
• The difference between the kinds of phosphors is
their persistence- how long they continue to emit
light after the CRT beam is removed.
 Raster Scan
• In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across the
screen, one row at a time from top to bottom.
• As the electron beam moves across each row, the beam intensity
is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots.
• Picture definition is stored in memory area called the Refresh
Buffer or Frame Buffer.
• Each screen point is referred to as a pixel (picture element) or
pel.
• At the end of each scan line,
• the electron beam returns to the left side of the screen to begin
displaying the next scan line.
Raster Scan
 Random Scan
(Vector Scan)
• In this technique, the electron beam is directed
only to the part of the screen where the picture
is to be drawn rather than scanning from left to
right and top to bottom as in raster scan.
• It is also called vector display, stroke-writing
display, or calligraphic display.
 Random Scan
(Vector Scan)
• Picture definition is stored as a set of line-drawing
commands in an area of memory referred to as the
refresh display file.
• To display a specified picture, the system cycles through
the set of commands in the display file, drawing each
component line in turn.
• After all the line-drawing commands are processed, the
system cycles back to the first line command in the list.
• Random-scan displays are designed to draw all the
component lines of a picture 30 to 60 times each second.
Random Scan
(Vector Scan)
 Pros and Cons
• Raster Systems
• Pros
– It is well suited for realistic display of scenes
containing colors and shaded patterns.
 Cons
– It produces jagged lines that are plotted as
discrete point sets.
 Pros and Cons
• Random System(Vector)
• Pros
– They produce smooth line drawing because the CRT beam
directly follows the line path
– Used by both analog and digital computer.
– It will have higher resolution rather than raster.
Cons
 Expensive
 Designed for line drawing applications
and cannot display realistic
shaded scenes.
 Color CRT Monitor
• A CRT monitor displays color picture by using
a combination of phosphor that emit different-
colored light.
• By combining the emitted light from the
different phosphor, a range of colors can be
generated.
 Color CRT Monitor
Two basic techniques – Beam Penetration and
Shadow Masking
• Beam-penetration method
- The beam-penetration method for displaying color
pictures has been used with random-scan monitors.
- Two layers of phosphor, usually red and green, are
coated onto the inside of the CRT screen, and the
displayed color depends on how far the electron beam
penetrates into the phosphor layers.
 Color CRT Monitor

- A beam of slow electrons excites only the outer red layer. A

beam of very fast electron penetrates through the red layer and
excites the inner green layer
- At intermediate beam speeds, combinations of red and green
light are emitted to show two additional colors, orange and
yellow
- The speed of the electrons, and hence the screen color at any
point, is controlled by the beam-acceleration voltage
 Color CRT Monitor
• Shadow Mask Method
- Shadow-mask methods are commonly used in raster-
scan system (including color TV)
- A shadow-mask CRT has three phosphor color dots at
each pixel position
- One phosphor dot emits a red light, another emits a green
light, and the third emits a blue light
- It has three electron guns , one for Red , one for Green
and one for Blue
- A shadow mask behind the phosphorous coated screen
Shadow Mask Method
 Shadow Mask Method
• The three beams are deflected and focused as a group
onto the shadow mask which contains a series of hall
aligned with the phosphorous dots
• When the three beams pass through a hole in the
shadow mask, they activate a dot triangle
which appears as a small color spot on the screen
• The phosphor dots in the triangles are arranged so that
each electron beam can activate only its corresponding
color dot when it passes through the shadow mask
 Shadow Mask Method
• We obtain color variations in a shadow-mask CRT by
varying the intensity levels of the three electron beams
• The color we see depends on the amount of excitation of
the red, green, and blue phosphors.
• A white or gray area is the result of exciting the three
dots with equal intensity
• Yellow is produced with the green and red dots only
• Magenta is produced with the blue and red dots
• Cyan shows up when blue and green are activated
equally
Comparison Between Beam Penetration method
and Shadow Mask Method
 Direct – View Storage Tubes
(DVST)
• The DVST gives the alternative method of
maintaining the screen image
• A DVST uses the storage grid which stores the
picture information as a charge distribution
just behind the phosphor coated screen
Direct – View Storage Tubes
(DVST)
 DVST
Advantages:
• Refreshing of CRT is not required.
•Because no refreshing is required, very
complex pictures can be displayed at very high
resolution without flicker.
• It has flat screen.
 DVST
Disdvantages:
• They do not display colors and are available with single
level of line intensity.
• Selective or part erasing of screen is not possible.
• Erasing of screen produces unpleasant flash over the
entire screen surface which prevents its use of dynamics
graphics applications.
• It has poor contrast as a result of the comparatively low
accelerating potential applied to the flood electrons.
• The Performance of DVST is somewhat inferior to the
refresh CRT.
 Flat Panel Displays
• The term Flat panel displays refers to a class of
video devices that have reduced volume, weight
and power requirements compared to a CRT.
• The important feature of flat panel display is that
they are thinner than the CRTs.
• There are 2 types of flat panel displays
- Emissive Displays
- Non Emissive Displays
 Flat Panel Displays
• Emissive Displays – They convert electrical
energy into light energies
E.g: Plasma Panels, LEDs
• Non Emissive Displays - They use optical
effects to convert sunlight or light from some
other source into graphics patterns. E.g. LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display)
 Non emissive-LCD
• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) are commonly used in small
systems such as calculators and portable computers
• These non emissive devices produce a picture by passing
polarized light from the surroundings or from an internal light
source through a liquid-Crystal material that can be aligned to
either block or transmit the light
• Two glass plates each containing a light polarizer at right angles
to the -other plate, sandwich the liquid crystal material.
• Rows of horizontal transparent conductors are built into one
glass plate, and columns of vertical conductors are put into the
other plate.
• The intersection of two conductors defines a pixel position.
 ‘ON’ state of liquid crystals

Polarized light passing through the material is twisted so that it will pass through
the opposite polarizer. The light is then reflected back to the viewer
‘OFF’ state of liquid crystals

To turn off off the pixel we apply a voltage to the two intersecting
conductors to align the molecules so that the light is not .twisted
 Emissive-Plasma panels
Plasma panels- also called gas-discharge displays, are
constructed by filling the region between two glass
plates with a mixture of gases that usually includes
neon .
• A series of vertical conducting ribbons is placed on
one glass panel, and a set of horizontal ribbons in
other glass panel . Firing voltages applied to a pair of
horizontal and vertical conductors cause the gas at the
intersection of the two conductors to break down into
a glowing plasma of electrons and ions.
Plasma panels
Plasma panels
 Thin-film electroluminescent displays
• They are similar to plasma panels except the
region between glass panel is filled with phosphor
• When a sufficiently high voltage is applied to a
pair of crossing electrodes phosphor become a
conductor in that area of intersection of electrodes
• Electrical energy is absorbed by the atoms which
then release this energy as a spot of light
• Electroluminescent display requires more power
than plasma panels
Thin-film electroluminescent displays
 INPUT DEVICES
• Keyboards, Button Boxes, and Dials
• Mouse Devices
• Trackball, Space ball
• Joystick
• Data Gloves
• Digitizers
• Image Scanners
• Touch Panels
• Light Pens
• Voice Systems
 OUTPUT DEVICES
• Printers
• Plotters