Group 1 BCT

Presentation on Artificial Intelligence

-Fuzzy Logic, Expert Systems and

-Natural Language Processing

1. Definition of AI
In the simplest terms, AI which stands for artificial intelligence refers to systems or machines

that mimic human intelligence to perform tasks and can iteratively improve themselves based on

the information they collect. AI manifests in a number of forms. A few examples are:

 Chatbots use AI to understand customer problems faster and provide more efficient

answers

 Intelligent assistants use AI to parse critical information from large free-text datasets to

improve scheduling

 Recommendation engines can provide automated recommendations for TV shows based

on users’ viewing habits

AI is much more about the process and the capability for superpowered thinking and data

analysis than it is about any particular format or function. Although AI brings up images of high-

functioning, human-like robots taking over the world, AI isn’t intended to replace humans. It’s

intended to significantly enhance human capabilities and contributions. That makes it a very

valuable business asset [1].

1
2. Importance of AI
How AI Technology can help organizations

The central tenet of AI is to replicate—and then exceed—the way humans perceive and react to

the world. It’s fast becoming the cornerstone of innovation. Powered by various forms of

machine learning that recognize patterns in data to enable predictions, AI can add value to your

business by:

 Providing a more comprehensive understanding of the abundance of data available

 Relying on predictions to automate excessively complex or mundane tasks

3. Components of Artificial Intelligence

The following represent the core building blocks that are needed in AI [2]:

1. AI Applications: Packaged applications that solve a business problem (i.e., virtual

agents, financial planning)

2. Data Prep and Cleansing: Make your data ready for AI

3. Model, Build, Train and Run: The studio of a data science artist to build, train and run

models (machine learning)

4. Consumer Features: Speech, images and vision, primarily used in consumer use cases

5. Natural Language Processing: The nervous system of enterprise AI

6. Lifecycle Management: Managing the lifecycle of AI models and understanding how

they perform

2
4. Branches and applications

Figure 1: Six major branches of Artificial Intelligence [4]

1. Fuzzy Logic

1. Definition

The word fuzzy refers to things which are not clear or are vague [3]. Fuzzy logic is a technique

that represents and modifies uncertain information by measuring the degree to which the

hypothesis is correct. Fuzzy logic is also used for reasoning about naturally uncertain

concepts. Fuzzy logic is convenient and flexible to implement machine learning techniques and

assist in imitating human thought logically [4]. Fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of

input to achieve the definite output.

3
 4.1.2. Diagram

Figure 2: Boolean VS Fuzzy Logic System [3]

It can be implemented in systems with various sizes and capabilities ranging from small micro-

controllers to large, networked, workstation-based control systems.

Fuzzy logic can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.

4.1.3. Components

Fuzzy logic has four main parts as shown −

Fuzzification Module − It transforms the system inputs, which are crisp numbers, into fuzzy

sets. It splits the input signal into five steps such as −

LP x is Large Positive

MP x is Medium Positive

S x is Small

4
 MN x is Medium Negative

LN x is Large Negative

Knowledge Base − It stores IF-THEN rules provided by experts.

Inference Engine − It simulates the human reasoning process by making fuzzy inference on the

inputs and IF-THEN rules.

Defuzzification Module − It transforms the fuzzy set obtained by the inference engine into a

crisp value.

The membership functions work on fuzzy sets of variables.

4. Advantages

1. Mathematical concepts within fuzzy reasoning are very simple.

2. You can modify a FLS by just adding or deleting rules due to flexibility of

fuzzy logic.

5
 3. Fuzzy logic Systems can take imprecise, distorted, noisy input

information.

4. FLSs are easy to construct and understand.

5. Fuzzy logic is a solution to complex problems in all fields of life,

including medicine, as it resembles human reasoning and decision making.

5. Disadvantages

1. There is no systematic approach to fuzzy system designing.

2. They are understandable only when simple.

3. They are suitable for the problems which do not need high accuracy.

6. Applications

1. Aerospace

In aerospace, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −

 Altitude control of spacecraft

 Satellite altitude control

 Flow and mixture regulation in aircraft de-icing vehicles

4.1.6.2. Automotive

In automotive, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −

 Trainable fuzzy systems for idle speed control

 Shift scheduling method for automatic transmission

 Intelligent highway systems

 Traffic control
6
  Improving efficiency of automatic transmissions

4.1.6.3. Business

In business, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −

 Decision-making support systems

 Personnel evaluation in a large company

4.1.6.4. Defence

In defence, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −

 Underwater target recognition

 Automatic target recognition of thermal infrared images

 Naval decision support aids

 Control of a hypervelocity interceptor

 Fuzzy set modelling of NATO decision making

4.1.6.5. Electronics

In electronics, fuzzy logic is used in the following areas −

 Control of automatic exposure in video cameras

 Humidity in a clean room

 Air conditioning systems

 Washing machine timing

 Microwave ovens

 Vacuum cleaners
7
 2. Expert Systems

1. Definition

Expert System is an interactive and reliable computer-based decision-making system which uses

both facts and heuristics to solve complex decision-making problems. It is considered at the

highest level of human intelligence and expertise. The purpose of an expert system is to solve the

most complex issues in a specific domain [5].

2. Characteristics

Following are the important Characteristics of Expert System in AI:

1. The Highest Level of Expertise: The Expert system in AI offers the

highest level of expertise. It provides efficiency, accuracy and imaginative

problem-solving.

2. Right on Time Reaction: An Expert System in Artificial Intelligence interacts

in a very reasonable period of time with the user. The total time must be less

than the time taken by an expert to get the most accurate solution for the same

problem.

3. Good Reliability: The Expert system in AI needs to be reliable, and it must not

make any a mistake.

4. Flexible: It is vital that it remains flexible as it the is possessed by an

Expert system.

8
 5. Effective Mechanism: Expert System in Artificial Intelligence must have

an efficient mechanism to administer the compilation of the existing

knowledge in it.

6. Capable of handling challenging decision & problems: An expert system is

capable of handling challenging decision problems and delivering solutions

[5].

4.2.3. Components

Figure 3: Components of Expert System

The Expert System in AI consists of the following given components:

a) User Interface

The user interface is the most crucial part of the Expert System Software. This component

takes the user’s query in a readable form and passes it to the inference engine. After that, it

9
 displays the results to the user. In other words, it’s an interface that helps the user

communicate with the expert system.

b) Inference Engine

The inference engine is the brain of the expert system. Inference engine contains rules to

solve a specific problem. It refers the knowledge from the Knowledge Base. It selects facts

and rules to apply when trying to answer the user’s query. It provides reasoning about the

information in the knowledge base. It also helps in deducting the problem to find the

solution. This component is also helpful for formulating conclusions.

c) Knowledge Base

The knowledge base is a repository of facts. It stores all the knowledge about the problem

domain. It is like a large container of knowledge which is obtained from different experts of

a specific field.

Thus, we can say that the success of the Expert System Software mainly depends on the

highly accurate and precise knowledge.

4. Advantages

Below are the main advantages/benefits of Expert Systems in Artificial Intelligence (AI):

1. It improves the decision quality

2. Cuts the expense of consulting experts for problem-solving

3. It provides fast and efficient solutions to problems in a narrow area of

specialization.

4. It can gather scarce expertise and used it efficiently.

5. Offers consistent answer for the repetitive problem

6. Maintains a significant level of information

10
 7. Helps you to get fast and accurate answers

8. A proper explanation of decision making

9. Ability to solve complex and challenging issues

10. Artificial Intelligence Expert Systems can steadily work without getting

emotional, tensed or fatigued.

5. Disadvantages

Below are the disadvantages/limitations of Expert System in AI:

1. Unable to make a creative response in an extraordinary situation

2. Errors in the knowledge base can lead to wrong decision

3. The maintenance cost of an expert system is too expensive

4. Each problem is different therefore the solution from a human expert can also

be different and more creative

6. Applications

Some popular Application of Expert System:

1. Information management

2. Hospitals and medical facilities

3. Help desks management

4. Employee performance evaluation

5. Loan analysis

6. Virus detection

7. Useful for repair and maintenance projects

8. Warehouse optimization

11
 9. Planning and scheduling

10. The configuration of manufactured objects

11. Financial decision-making Knowledge publishing

12. Process monitoring and control

13. Supervise the operation of the plant and controller

14. Stock market trading

15. Airline scheduling & cargo schedules

3. Natural Language Processing

1. Definition

Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of communicating with an intelligent

system using a natural language such as English.

Processing of Natural Language is required when you want an intelligent system like robot to

perform as per your instructions, when you want to hear decision from a dialogue based clinical

expert system, etc.

The field of NLP involves making computers to perform useful tasks with the natural human

languages. The input and output of an NLP system can be −

 Speech

 Written Text

2. NLP Algorithms [6]

1. Named Entity Recognition

Name Entity Recognition (NER) is the most primitive algorithm in the field of

NLP. The process extracts the core ‘entities’ present in the text. These entities

12
 represent the fundamental themes in the text. Entities could be the names of

people, names of companies, dates, monetary values, quantities, time

expressions, medical codes, locations, and other key information found in the

text.

This text extraction method focuses on identifying and categorizing entities

into pre-classified groups. For example, consider this sentence –

“The temperature in Garden City, Kansas is close to 100-degrees on this sunny

May Day”.

In this piece of information, the NER algorithm would categorize –

“Garden City, Kansas” as “Location”

“100-degrees” as “Temperature”

May Day” as “Date”

NER is based on basic rules of grammar. There are several simple and

complex models that companies use to manage large data sets.

2. Sentiment Analysis

Sentiment analysis is an NLP tool/algorithm that interprets and classifies the

emotions mentioned in the text. The way of assigning emotions can be as

simple as having three pre-classified groups - good, bad, or neutral. Or, the text

data can be subjected to more complex NLP techniques.

Sentiment analysis follows a fairly straightforward principle.

3. Text Summarization

Text Summarization is a field of NLP that deals with techniques of

summarizing massive sets of textual data. It is mainly used by experts to assess

information present in news or research articles.

13
 The two key techniques in Text Summarization are extraction and abstraction.

Extraction is a process that assesses large amounts of textual data to ‘extract’

short and definitive summaries. Abstraction programs create summaries by

creating new text based on the assessment of the original source text.

4. Aspect Mining

Aspect mining classifies the different features or elements in the text.

Typically, it is combined with sentiment analysis programs and used by

companies to detect the nature of their customer responses. When those aspects

and sentiments are combined, companies can get a clear idea about various

aspects of customer information. Using these tools, large amounts of text data

can be condensed into small sentences such as - Customer service – can be

better

Communications – Positive

Pricing– not satisfactory

5. Topic Modelling

Topic modelling is a complex NLP tool used to classify natural topics present

in textual data. These techniques do not require any form of human

supervision. Some commonly used Topic Modelling algorithms include –

Correlated Topic Modelling

Latent Dirichlet Allocation

Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA)

6. Machine Translation

Lastly and most importantly Machine Translation is a vital NLP tool. The

techniques that fall under the bracket of Machine Translation are used to both

14
 analyze and generate language. Top companies employ complicated machine

translation systems. They play a vital role in modern commerce. These tools

have been able to break language barriers globally, enabling people around the

world to access foreign websites and interact with users who speak foreign

languages.

4.3.3. Components

There are two components of NLP as given −

i. Natural Language Understanding (NLU)

Understanding involves the following tasks −

-Mapping the given input in natural language into useful representations.

-Analyzing different aspects of the language.

ii. Natural Language Generation (NLG)

It is the process of producing meaningful phrases and sentences in the form of natural

language from some internal representation.

It involves −

 Text planning − It includes retrieving the relevant content from knowledge

base.

 Sentence planning − It includes choosing required words, forming meaningful

phrases, setting tone of the sentence.

 Text Realization − It is mapping sentence plan into sentence structure.

The NLU is harder than NLG.

Steps in NLP

There are five general steps −

15
1) Lexical Analysis − It involves identifying and analyzing the structure of words. Lexicon

of a language means the collection of words and phrases in a language. Lexical analysis

is dividing the whole chunk of txt into paragraphs, sentences, and words.

2) Syntactic Analysis (Parsing) − It involves analysis of words in the sentence for

grammar and arranging words in a manner that shows the relationship among the words.

The sentence such as “The school goes to boy” is rejected by English syntactic analyzer.

3) Semantic Analysis − It draws the exact meaning or the dictionary meaning from the
text.

The text is checked for meaningfulness. It is done by mapping syntactic structures and

objects in the task domain. The semantic analyzer disregards sentence such as “hot ice-

cream”.

4) Discourse Integration − The meaning of any sentence depends upon the meaning of the

sentence just before it. In addition, it also brings about the meaning of immediately

succeeding sentence.

5) Pragmatic Analysis − During this, what was said is re-interpreted on what it actually

meant. It involves deriving those aspects of language which require real world

knowledge.

16
 4. Advantages [7]

1. Perform large-scale analysis

NLP technology allows for text analysis at scale on all manner of documents,

internal systems, emails, social media data, online reviews, and more. Process

huge amounts of data in just seconds or minutes, that would take days or weeks

of manual analysis.

2. Get a more objective and accurate analysis

When performing repetitive (and frankly boring) tasks, like reading and analysing open-

ended survey responses and other text data, humans are prone to mistakes or may have

inherent biases that can skew the results.

NLP-powered tools can be trained to the language and criteria of your business, often in just

a few steps. So, once you have them up and running, they perform much more accurately

than humans ever could. And you can tweak and continue to train your models as the

marketplace or language of your business evolves.

3. Streamline processes and reduce costs

NLP tools work at whatever scale you need, 24/7, in real time.

You’d need at least a couple of employees working full-time to accomplish manual data

analysis but with NLP SaaS tools, you can keep staff to a minimum. When you connect NLP

tools to your data, you’ll be able to analyze your customer feedback on the go, so you’ll

know right away when customers are having problems with your product or service.

4. Improve customer satisfaction

17
 NLP tools allow you to automatically analyze and sort customer service

tickets by topic, intent, urgency, sentiment, etc., and route them directly to the

proper department or employee, so you never leave a customer in the cold.

5. Better understand your market

Natural language processing is having a huge impact on marketing. When you

put NLP to work to understand the language of your customer base, you’ll

have a better understanding of market segmentation, be better equipped to

target your customers directly, and decrease customer churn.

6. Empower your employees

With all the human hours you’ll save by automating processes and using data

analysis to its full potential, your employees will be able to focus on what

matters: their actual jobs. Furthermore, when you remove tedious, repetitive

tasks, your employees will have less boredom, fatigue, and increased focus.

5. Disadvantages

NL has an extremely rich form and structure. It is very ambiguous. There can be different levels

of ambiguity –

1. Lexical ambiguity − It is at very primitive level such as word-level. For

example, treating the word “board” as noun or verb?

2. Syntax Level ambiguity − A sentence can be parsed in different ways.

For example, “He lifted the beetle with red cap.” − Did he use cap to lift the

beetle or he lifted a beetle that had red cap?

3. Referential ambiguity − Referring to something using pronouns. For

example, Rima went to Gauri. She said, “I am tired.” − Exactly who is tired?

18
One input can mean different meanings. Many inputs can mean the same thing.

6. Applications

1. Machine Translation

Machine translation (MT), process of translating one source language or text

into another language, is one of the most important applications of NLP.

2. Fighting Spam

One of the most common problems these days is unwanted emails. This makes

Spam filters all the more important because it is the first line of defense against

this problem.

Spam filtering system can be developed by using NLP functionality by

considering the major false-positive and false-negative issues.

3. Question-answering

Another main application of natural language processing (NLP) is question-

answering. Search engines put the information of the world at our fingertips,

but they are still lacking when it comes to answer the questions posted by

human beings in their natural language. We have big tech companies like

Google are also working in this direction.

Question-answering is a Computer Science discipline within the fields of AI

and NLP. It focuses on building systems that automatically answer questions

posted by human beings in their natural language. A computer system that

understands the natural language has the capability of a program system to

translate the sentences written by humans into an internal representation so that

19
 the valid answers can be generated by the system. The exact answers can be

generated by doing syntax and semantic analysis of the questions.

4.3.6.4. Sentiment Analysis

Another important application of natural language processing (NLP) is

sentiment analysis. As the name suggests, sentiment analysis is used to identify

the sentiments among several posts. It is also used to identify the sentiment

where the emotions are not expressed explicitly. Companies are using

sentiment analysis, an application of natural language processing (NLP) to

identify the opinion and sentiment of their customers online.

5. Bibliography

[1] Oracle, "What is AI? Learn about Artificial Intelligence," Oracle, 2022. [Online]. Available:

https://www.oracle.com/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/. [Accessed 16 05 2022].

[2] R. Thomas, "The Essential Components Of AI," Forbes, 10 10 2019. [Online]. Available:

https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesinsights/2019/10/10/the-essential-components-of- ai/?

sh=261c8ba51f9d. [Accessed 16 05 2022].

[3] ~anonymous~, "Fuzzy Logic - Introduction," Tutorials Point, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://

www.tutorialspoint.com/fuzzy_logic/fuzzy_logic_introduction.htm. [Accessed 16 05 2022].

[4] N. Tyagi, "6 Major Branches of Artificial Intelligence (AI)," Analyticssteps, 23 01 2021. [Online].

Available: https://www.analyticssteps.com/blogs/6-major-branches-artificial-intelligence-ai.

[Accessed 16 05 2022].

20
[5] D. Johnson, "What is Expert System in AI (Artificial Intelligence)?," Guru99, 8 03 2022. [Online].

Available: https://www.guru99.com/expert-systems-with-applications.html. [Accessed 16 05 2022].

[6] R. Admin, "Types of NLP Techniques," Rosoka, 27 04 2020. [Online]. Available: https://

www.rosoka.com/blog/types-natural-language-processing-techniques. [Accessed 16 05 2022].

[7] R. Wolff, "7 Benefits of Natural Language Processing (NLP)," MonkeyLearn, 11 12 2020. [Online].

Available: https://monkeylearn.com/blog/nlp-benefits/. [Accessed 16 05 2022].

21